Adoloscence and substance abuse Essay

Adolescence is a critical period in human development. It is the period during which individuals undergo biological, psychological and social transformations, as they become adults. These transformations occur simultaneously and without conscious awareness by youth going through these changes. Any transformation an adolescent goes through may have an impact on the introduction and progression of teenage substance use. Substance abuse is drug abuse. Most substance abusers globally are the adolescents. This is because their developmental stage is vulnerable to anything. The brain development of an adolescent is not fully developed. A teenager may physically resemble an adult but still lack the brain maturation to think like one. To expect adolescents to make adult like decisions in regard to substance use is an unlikely expectation for most teenagers. Adolescence is defined as those behavioral changes that take place between childhood and maturity or adulthood. It is the changing period from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is viewed as a time where biological, psychological and social transitions take place. It is the most critical stage of human development. During adolescence, different behavior patterns become more frequent (Cobb, 2006). These behavioral trends include risk- taking behaviors, conflicts between the adolescence peers and parents and greater social development. Every individual adapts to their behavior depending on how they were brought up, their social interactions and adult influences. The physical development of adolescence is known as puberty. It is the stage a person is able to reproduce (Cobb, 2006). Adolescence Physical development is all about the body changes. It involves genital growth, changes in body odor. Voice changes, growth of pubic hair, breast development and menstruation in female. The psychosocial development of adolescence is complicated. It involves hormones, love interests and intellectual pursuits. All this complicates adolescence development. In this development, stress, depression, lack of sleep, and anxiety are common among teenagers (Johnston et al, 2006). It is during this psychosocial development that adolescent teenagers are at risk of bad behavior. This development mostly involves intellectual pursuits and social interactions. Adolescents’ brains are usually not fully developed. This plays a major role in immature emotional and cognitive development. It is during adolescence that teenagers adapt easily to different behaviors. How bad and well the behavior is depended on how an individual was brought up and the social interactions. Many risky behaviors such as substance abuse start at the adolescent stage of human development. Adolescence is also a time when young individuals take risks that can have a long time effects on their health and well being. Substance abuse is the misuse of drugs. Most adolescents are prone to drugs and substance abuse. This is because the adolescent brains are not fully developed, and this plays a role in the decisions they make. Immature brain sections may place teenagers at prominent risk to the effects of drugs. Misuse of drugs or substance abuse is mostly associated with the adolescents. Globally, it is estimated through research that five billion people who abuse or use substances are the adolescent (Johnston et al, 2006). Adolescence is a period of significant personal development. It is in this adolescent stage that teenagers are let to make their own decisions. They choose their friends and how they want to live their life. It is during this stage that they can adapt easily to certain behaviors due to influences. It is said that adolescence is the time of testing and novelty seeking. Curiosity on drugs is one way that makes young people abuse substances. Millions of young people try an illicit drug at least once during their adolescent years. The most common substance abuse among adolescents is alcohol and tobacco. Most of the teenagers will have tried either of the two or both. It is estimated that twelve years is the average age of children to take their first alcoholic drink. Nearly 20 percent of twelve to twenty year old is considered to be binge drinkers (Cobb, 2006). Tobacco smoking is also prone to adolescents. Most smokers globally start at their teenage years hence become addicted. It is said that teens are more vulnerable to addiction and receptive to nicotine than are those who start to smoke as adults. Causes of adolescence substance use vary. Peer selection processes, peer influences and cognitive biases play a major role in adolescents substance use. Parental influences also play a role in adolescence substance use. How the adolescent is raised and how the parents behave with them is important to their development. The parent teenage relationship plays major roles in adolescent substance use. Substance abuse has its effects to an individual. Adolescents who use substances frequently are at risk for healthy problems. Alcohol, tobacco and other drugs have certain effects that can cause mental and heath problems. Substance abuse adolescents are at a high risk for various issues that may disrupt with their development. The physical, psychological and social effects of adolescent substance or drug abuse can have lasting consequences for the individual. This may interfere with a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. On-going adolescent substance abuse can make an individual be at a greater risk for addiction in adulthood (Cobb, 2006). The physical consequences of adolescent substance abuse affect an individual physical development. Physical injuries and illnesses occur as a result of drug related accidents and overdoses. The psychological consequences of adolescent substance abuse affect an individual psychological development. Psychological development is all about the brain. The Misuse and overdose of substances leads to mental health problems. Alcohol is one substance that affects an individual psychological development (Cobb, 2006). Tobacco misuse can lead to illnesses such as lung cancer. Other problems may also arise due to tobacco smoking. These illnesses caused by substance abuse can also lead to death. Prolonged substance abuse can cause depression an anxiety, which can disrupt an adolescent ability to function and develop in a productive manner. There are also social consequences due to adolescent substance abuse. Adolescents who frequently abuse substances are more likely to have issues with their social development. Most of them tend to isolate themselves from family and friends. They are also more likely to have troubles with the law and law enforcers. Due to this, the adolescent substance abuser can bring problems within the family. Adolescence is a critical stage. Parents, teachers and any other adult should be role models for healthy behaviors. This is because adolescents adapt certain behavior from their peers and adults. Substance abuse affects adolescents mostly, and this can be avoided if the child to adolescent development is proper. Substance abuse causes major risks to adolescence development. Due to this, it is important for adolescents to be taught good behavior and be corrected when they wrong. Parents, teachers or other adults are people who should play major roles in teenagers’ life. They are a great influence in adolescents hence should be well role models. References Cobb, N. (2006). Adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill. Johnston, L. D. , O’Malley, P. M. , & Bachman, J. G. (2006). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use. New York: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Cnps 365 Midterm 1 Notes

Chapter 4 & 5 Psychoanalytic Therapy †¢Sigmund Freud. †¢Freuds psychoanalytical system = model of personality development, approach to psychotherapy †¢Often a benchmark used for other theories †¢Freudian view of human nature = deterministic †¢Behaviour determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations 0biological/instinctual drives, evolve through key psycho sexual stages in first 6 years of life †¢Instincts central †¢Libido = energy of all life instincts Libido, source of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it †¢Both sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do †¢Psychoanalytical view – three systems for personality: id, ego, superego †¢Id = biological, ego = psychological, superego = social †¢Humans = energy systems †¢Id, original system of personality, at birth person is all id. Primary source of psychic energy and seat of instincts. Blind, demandi ng, insistent, lacks organization.Cannot tolerate tension and discharges tension immediately. Ruled by pleasure principle (reducing tension, avoid pain, gain pleasure). Id is Illogical, amoral, satisfy instinctual needs, never matures. Doesn’t think, acts or wishes, largely unconscious. †¢Ego governs, controls, regulates personality. Controls consciousness and exercises censorship. Realistic and logical thinking, formulates plans of acitons for satisfying needs. Ego checks and controls blind impulses of id, ego distinguishes between mental images and things in external world. Superego is judical branch of personality. Includes moral code, main concern of whether action is good/right/wrong/bad. Superego reprents values/ideals of society as they are handed down from generations. Inhibits the id impulses, to persuade ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive for perfection. Supergego related to psychological rewards and punishments †¢Dreams, s lips of tongue and forgetting, posthypnotic uggestions, material derived from free-association techniques, material derived from projective techniques, symbolic content of psychotic symptoms all represent unconscious. †¢Unconscious stores experiences memory and repressed material †¢Aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make unconscious motives conscious. †¢Anxiety – feeling of dread from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences †¢Anxeity develops from conflicts amongst id,ego, and super ego. †¢Anxeity warns of impending danger 3 Types of anxiety, reality, neurotic, moral †¢Reality anxiety – fear of danger from external world †¢Neurotic and moral anxiety evoked by threats to balance of power within person †¢Neurotic anxiety is fear that instinct will get out of hand †¢Moral anxiety is fear of ones conscience †¢Ego-defense mechanisms cope with anxiety, prevent ego from being overwhelmed. †¢Defense mechani sms either deny/distort reality, or operate on unconscious level †¢Psychosexual stages = Freudian development Typical defense mechanisms: Repression, Denial, Reaction formation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization, Sublimation, Regression, Introjection, Identification, Compensation †¢Freuds psychosexual stages of development: oral stage, anal stage, phallic, stage †¢Oral stage – inability to trust self na others = fear of loving, close relationships, low self-esteem †¢Anal stage – inability to recognize and express anger, leads to denial of ones power and lack of sense of autonomy †¢Phallic stage, inability to fully accept ones sexuality and sexual feelings, difficult to accept self as man or woman.All done within first 6 years of life, Oral(0-1), Anal (1-3) Phallic(3-6). First 6 years are foundation, if needs not met during development may become psychologically immature †¢Erikson’s Psychosocial Perspective †¢Psychosexua l + psychosocial development occurs together, each stage of life, faced with task of establishing equilibrium. †¢Crisis = turning point with potential to move forward or regress †¢Classical psychoanalysis grounded on id psychology †¢Contemporary psychoanalysis based on ego psychology †¢Freudian goals include making the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego †¢Blank Screen Approach – anonymous stance Transference relationship, the transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a persons present environment †¢Attention given to clients resistances. Analysts listens for gaps, inconsistencies, free associations, infers meanings of dream †¢Psychoanalytic therapy is somewhat like putting pieces of puzzles together †¢Free association – say whatever comes to find, no self censorship (classical psychoanalysis) typical laying on a couch scenario †¢Transference – clients u nconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the client’s past.Involves the unconscious repetition of the past in the present †¢Working through – exploration of unconscious material and defenses. Results in resolution of old pattrerns allows clients to make new choices †¢Countertransference, when therapist respond in irrational ways because their own conflicts trigger †¢Psychodynamic therapy – geared to limted objectives than to restructuring personality. Therapist lesss likely to use couch, fewer sessions per week, frequent use of supportive interventions, more self disclosure by therapist, focus more on pressing practical concerns than on fantasy material. Aimed at increasing awareness, fostering insights into clients behaviour †¢6 basic techniques – maintaining the analytic framework, free association, interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, analysis of tran sference †¢Carl Jung’s analytical psychology is a explaination of human nature that combines ideas from history mythology anthropology and religion. †¢Jung – more focus on finding the meaning in life as opposed to being driven by psychological and biological forces described by Freud. †¢Jung – shaped by past and also future Present personality shaped by w ho and what we have been and aspire to be †¢Persona – mask/public face we wear to protect ourselves †¢Animus and anima = both biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity †¢Shadow – deepest roots and most powerful and dangerous of all archetypes, †¢Jung – dreams are a pathway into unconscious, but they help people prepare themselves for experiences and events in the future, and work to bring a balance between opposites in a person. More of an attempt to express then to repress and disguise. †¢Ego psychology developed largely by E rikson Psychoanalyitcal therapy, more concerned with long term personality reconstruction than short term problem solving Chapter 5 †¢Alfred Adler – Individual Psychology †¢Individual begins to form approach to life somewhere in first 6 years of living †¢Humans motivated primarily by social relatedness †¢Behaviour is purposeful and goal directed, more conscious than not †¢Focused on inferiority feelings – wellspring of creativity †¢Human behaviour not determined by heredity and environment, capacity to interpret influence and create events †¢Biological and environmental conditions limit our capacity to choose and to create †¢Approach is holistic, social.Goal oriented, systemic, humanistic †¢View world from clients subjective perception of reference = phenomenological, pays attention to how people perceive their world †¢Individual Psychology – Alfred Adler †¢Must fully understand all parts of an individual â € ¢Determinstic explainations replaced with teleological (purposive, goal-oriented) ones. †¢Interested in future without minimizing importance of past influences, decisions based on a persons experiences and on direction they are moving †¢Adler influenced by fiction †¢Fictional finalism, imagined central goal that guides a persons behaviour †¢Striving torward superiority or perfection Guiding self-ideal represents individuals image of goal of perfection †¢Inferiority not a negative factor in life, when experienced first in life, we are pulled by striving for superiority. †¢Cope with helplessness by striving for competence mastery and perfection †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lifestyle† A individuals core beliefs and assumptions guide each person’s movement through life and organize his or her reality giving meaning to life events â€Å"plan of life, style of life, strategy for living and road map of life† †¢Develop a style of life through stri ving for goals and superiority †¢Unique style is rimarily created during first 6 years of life, subsequent events may have effect on development of our personality. †¢Experiences not a decisive factor itself, but a interpretation of these events that shape personality †¢Can reframe childhood experiences and consciously create a new style of life †¢Social interest – action line of ones community feeling, it is the capacity to cooperate and contribute to community.Striving for a better future for humanity †¢Social interest is innate, but also must be taught learned and used †¢Social interest is central indicator of health, feelings of inferiority and alienation diminish as social interest is developed. Expressed through shared activity and mutual respect †¢Community feeling – feelings of being connected to all of humanity, and being involved in making the world a better place. Lack of this causes people to become discouraged and end up on useless side of life. †¢Anxiety is the result of not feeling belonged. Must master 3 universal life tasks – building friendships, establishing intimacy, contributing to society. 2 added ones by mosak and dreikurs : getting along with ourselves and developing our spiritual dimension †¢Gives special attention to relationships between siblings and psychological birth position in ones family †¢Five positions: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only †¢Actual birth order less important than persons own view of where they are †¢Family relationships earliest and mots influential social system.Theory is of a social one †¢Therapeutic process -> forming a relationship based on mutual respect, lifestyle assessment; disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions -> reeducation of client towards useful side of life. Main aim to develop clients sense of belonging and assist in adoption of behaviours and processes characterized by community f eeling and social interest. Accomplished by increasing clients self awareness, and challenging and modifying his or her fundamental premises life goals and basic concepts. Alderians favour growth model of personality more then sickness model †¢Treatment focused on providing info, teaching, guiding, providing encouragement to discouraged individuals. Engouragement is most powerful method available for changing persons belief and helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage †¢Courage – willingness to act even when fearful in ways that are consistent with social nterest †¢Goals: Fostering social interest, helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and inferiority, modifying clients views and goals (changing their lifestyle), changing faulty motivation, encouraging the individual to recognize equality among people, helping people to become contributing members of society. Therapists look for major mistakes in thinking/values ie mistrust selfishness u nrealistic ambition lack of confidence †¢Therapists determine early social influences through a family constellation †¢Early recollections also used as assessment – They are stories of events that a person SAYS occurred before 10 years of age – Useful to help understand the client †¢Process of gathering early recollections is part of lifestyle assessment, learning understanding goals and motivations of client †¢Dreams help bring problems to surface and points to patients movement †¢Adlerian counselling focus on desired outcomes Private Logic – concepts about self, others, and life that constitute the philosophy on which an individuals life style is based †¢Steps in therapy : Establish proper therapeutic relationship; Explore the psychological dynamics operating in the client (an assessment); Encourage the development of self-understanding (insight into purpose); Help the client make new choices (reorientation and reeducation). Label led as Adlerian brief therapy †¢Step 1 – Establish Relationship – seek to make person to person contact with clients rather then starting with problem.Initial focus on person, not problem. Therapists provide support. Pay more attention to subjective experiences of clients than techniques. †¢Step 2 – Explore individuals psychological dynamics – deeper understanding of indivduals lifestyle. Proceeds from two interview forms, subjective interview and objective interview. Subjective interview, counsellor helps client tell his/her life story as completely as possible.Throughout interview, listen for purposive aspects of clients coping and approaches to life, extract patterns and develop hypotheses about what works for client. Often end subjective interview with question, â€Å"how would your life be different, what would you be doing differently if problem was not present†. Objective interview discovers information about how the problem began, any precipitating events, medial history, social history, reasons client chose therapy at this time, persons coping with life tasks, lifestyle assessment †¢Adler suggests it was hrough family constellation that each person forms his unique view of self others and life †¢Adlerian assessment relies on exploration of clients family constellation †¢Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories, we will remember the special ones that project essential convictions †¢Use early recollectio9n to assess persons convictions of self, others life, ethics, assessment of clients stance in relation to the counselling session and counselling relationship, verification of coping patterns, assessment of individual strengths assets and interfering ideas †¢After gathering info from both types of interviews, integration and summary is next †¢General mistakes: Overgeneralization, False or impossible goals of security, Misperceptions of life and lifes demands, min imization or denial of ones basic worth, faulty values. Phase 3 : Encourage Self-Understanding and Insight – Self understanding only possible when hidden purposes and goals of behaviour are made conscious. Interpretation deals with clients underlying motives for behaving the way they do in present. Adlerian interpretation usually are hunches and gusses. †¢Phase 4 – Reorientation and Reeducation – Focuses on helping people discover new and more functional perspectives. Clients encouraged to develop courage to take risks and make changes in their lives. Want to guide patients into the useful side of life at this point ( contributing to society, confidence, acceptance of imperfection, courage etc). Encouragement very important in this step. †¢Encouragement process helps build courage.Encouragement involves showing faith in people, expecting them to assume responsibility for their lives, and valuing them for who they are. †¢Discouragement is basic con dition that prevents people from functioning, encouragement is the antidote. †¢Clients make decisions and modify their goals in reorientation stage. Commitment very essential if they want to change. †¢Counsellors seek to make difference in lives of their clients. †¢Focus more on motivation modification rather then behavioural change. †¢Based on a growth model, not medical model †¢Flexible Chapter 6 Existential Therapy †¢More of a way of thinking than any style of psychotherapy †¢Neither ndependent nor separate school of therapy, nor neatly defined model with specific techniques †¢Best described as a philosophical approach which influences a counsellors therapeutic practice †¢Grounded on assumption that we’re free, therefore responsible for all our choices and actions, we are authors of our lives and design the pathways we follow †¢Rejects deterministic view of human nature espoused by psychoanalysis (Psychonanalysis sees freed om resitrcted by unconscious forces, irrational drives, past events, while behaviourists see freedom restricted by socioculture conditioning) †¢We are not victims of circumstances because we are what we choose to be. †¢Aim of therapy is to encourage clients to reflect on life, recognize their range of alternatives and decide amongst them. â€Å"Once individuals recognize their role in creating their own life situation, they realize they have the power to change it† †¢One of the aims is to challenge people to stop deceiving themselves regarding their lack of responsibility for whats happening to them and their excessive demands on life †¢Doesn’t view client as ill, and curing them like a medical model, but rather sick of life or clumsy at living. Attention given to clients present experiences with goal of helping them develop a greater presence in their life quest †¢Basic task to encourage clients to explore all their options for creating meanin gful existence †¢European existential perspective focused on human limitations + tragic dimensions of life †¢Soren Kierkegaard – primary concern of angst ( lies between dread and anxiety) Need knowledge of angst to become human. Need the willingness to risk a leap of faith in making choices †¢Freidrich Nietzsche – Importance of subjectivity. Kierkegard and Nietzsche considered originators of existential perspective †¢Martin Heidegger – We exist in the world, don’t try to think of ourselves as being apart from the world which were thrown †¢Moods and feelings are a way of understanding whether were living authentically or not.Phenomenology provides a view of human history that doesn’t focus on past events but motivates individuals to look forward to authentic experiences †¢Jean-Paul Sartre – Failure to acknowledge our freedom and choices results in emotional problems. Freedom is hard to face up to, invent excuses in bad faith. Existence is not fixed nor finished, when attempting to pin down who we are, we engage in self deception †¢Martin Buber – Humans live in â€Å"betweenness†, never just an I but always an other. Stresses Presence, which enables true I/Thou relationships; Allows for meaning to exist in a situation; Enables an individual to be responsible in the present. When a client therapist relationship becomes equal, we become dialogic †¢Ludwig Binswanger – Addresses relationship between person and his/her environment. â€Å"Thrown into the world† but still responsible for our choices and planning for future.Existential analysis emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. †¢Medard Boss – Being-in-the-world, aboility to reflect on life events and attribute meaning to these events. Therapist must enter clients subjective world without presuppositions. †¢Key figure Viktor Frankl for Existential Psychothera py †¢Many people have means to live, but no meaning to live for. Therapeutic process aimed at challenging individuals to find meaning and purpose through suffering work and love †¢Therapist must be in touch with his own phenomenological world †¢Givens of existence : death freedom, responsibility, existential isolation, and meaninglessness. Bases therapy based on understanding of what it means to be human †¢Focus on the individuals experience of being in the world alone and facing anxiety of the isolation †¢Believe humans are in constant state of transition, emerging, evolving, and becoming. †¢Basic dimensions of human condition: Capacity for self-awareness; freedom and responsibility; creating one’s identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others; the search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals; anxiety as a condition of living; awareness of death and nonbeing. †¢Capacity for Self-Awareness – Can reflect and make cho ices as we are capable of self awareness. Greater the awareness, greater the possibilities for freedom.Capacity to live fully expands as we expand awareness on areas such as: were finite and don’t have unlimited time to do what we want; potential to take action or not to act; choose our actions; meaning is discovering how were situated in the world then living creatively; increase our sense of responsibility for consequences of choices through increased awareness; subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt and isolation; alone, yet we have an opportunity to relate to others. Decision to expand fundamental to human growth. Increasing self awareness goal for all therapy †¢Freedom and Responsibility – freedom implies responsibility for our own lives. Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded commitment or choosing not to choose.Authenticity implies were living by being true to our own evaluations of what a valuable existence is to oneself. Being free and being human are the same. Assuming responsibility is the basis for change. †¢Striving for Identity and Relationship to Others – Creating an identity requires courage, strive for connectedness with others. Awareness of our finite nature gives us appreciation of ultimate concerns. Courage entails the will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations. Self awareness can help make everything easier for the client, and clients having the courage to admit things is a good indicator. Strength of aloneness, isolation.A function of therapy is to help clients distinguish between a neurotically dependent attachment to another and a life affirming relationship in which both persons are enhanced. Fear of dealing with aloneness can cause one being trapped. †¢Search for meaning – Existential therapy can provide framework for helping clients challenge the meaning in their lives. Therapists trust is important in helping clients trust their own capacity t o discover a new source of values. Meaninglessness in life can lead to emptiness and hollowness, or a existential vacuum. Often happens when people are not busying themselves. Establishing values that are part of a meaningful life are issues that become the heart of counselling. Logotherapy designed to help clients find a meaning in life.Therapist should be pointing out clients can discover meaning even in suffering. Shows human suffering can be turned to human achievement. Like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. †¢Anxiety as a condition of living – Anxiety arises from personal strivings to survive and maintain and assert one’s being. Existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted with givens of existence – death, freedom, choice, isolation, meaninglessness. Existential anxiety can be a stimulus for growth. Anxiety can indicate when a person is ready for personal change. Can’t survive without anxiety. Neurotic anxiety is out of proportion to the situation, not aware of it, and tends to immobilize a person.Van deurzen says that existential therapy not to make life seem easier or more comfortable, but to encourage clients to recognize and deal with sources of their insecurity and anxiety. More self confidence leads to less anxiety. †¢Awareness of Death and Nonbeing – Death is not negatively, but hold awareness to death as a basic human condition which gives significance to living. Necessary to think of death when thinking significantly of life. Death should be a motivation to live fully. Awareness of death is a source for zest for life and creativity. People who fear death fear life. Realization of death makes us realize more clearly our actions count, we have choices, we must accept responsibility for how well we are living. Existential therapy considered an invitation to clients to recognize the ways in which they aren’t living a fully authentic life and to help them make choices that will lead to what they are capable of being. †¢Assist clients moving toward authenticity and learning to recognize when they are deceiving themselves †¢No escape from freedom, we are always responsible †¢Helps clients face anxiety and engage in action that is based on the authentic purpose of creating a worthy existence †¢Teach clients to listen to what they know of themselves †¢Assist clients in recognizing they aren’t fully present in therapy and to show them how the pattern may limit them outside of therapy; support clients in confronting anxieties; help clients redefine themselves †¢Increased awareness is central goal †¢Therapist need to understand subjective world of client Clients are expected to go out into world and decide how they’ll live differently and must be active in therapy process, as they must decide what fears guilt and anxieties they will explore †¢Major themes of therapy sessions include anxiety, freedom, responsibility, search for identity, living authentically, isolation, alienation, death and its implications for living, continual search for meaning. Assist people in facing life with courage hope and a willingness to find meaning in life †¢Therapists strive to create caring and intimate relationships with clients, core of the relationship is respect. Display genuine concern and empathy. †¢Not technique oriented †¢Priority to understand the clients world. †¢In initial phase, therapist assists clients in identifying and clarifying assumptions of the world. †¢In middle phase, clients encouraged to fully examine source and authority of their present value system. Final phase focuses on helping people take what they are learning of themselves and put it into action †¢Appropriate for people with developmental crises, experiencing grief and loss, confronting death, facing a major life decision †¢Most appropriate for clients that are commited to dealing with their problems about living and for people who feel alienated from the current expectations of society or those searching for the meaning of their lives †¢Highly relevant in multicultural context, doesn’t have a particular way of viewing or relating to reality, broad perspective †¢Main limitation is the level of maturity, life experience, and intensive training that’s required of practitioners. Chapter 1, 2, 3 †¢Counselor must be authentic and shed stereotypes, otherwise client will keep themselves hidden †¢Therapists serve as models for clients, clients will take from us. Effective therapists have: Identity, respect and appreciate themselves, open to change, make choices that are life oriented, authentic, sincere, honest, sense of humor, make mistakes and willing to admit them, live in present, appreciate influence of culture, have sincere interest in welfare of others, effective interpersonal skills, deeply involved in their work, are passio nate, able to maintain healthy boundaries †¢Having been a patient first greatly contributes to being a counsellor †¢Counsellors role is to create a climate in which clients can express themselves and arrive at solutions that are best for them, and their values not your own. †¢Mandatory ethics – view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice †¢Aspirational ethics – higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interest of clients †¢Positive ethics – do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble †¢Difficult to strike a balance for informed consent †¢

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Porsche Changes Track Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Porsche Changes Track - Essay Example Dr. Wendelin Wiedeking (CEO, Porsche) while outlining the priorities of the company stated, "Yes, of course we have heard of shareholder value. But that does not change the fact that we put customers first, then workers, then business partners, suppliers and dealers, and then shareholders." This statement signifies the priorities accorded by Porsche to all its stakeholders in the business. That certainly doesn't mean that Porsche is not giving due importance to its shareholders, what it actually signifies is that, Porsche always believes in customer driven policies and keeping the employees happy. Satisfied customers and happy employees provide the company a distinct identity and edge over its competitors. At times Porsche appeared somewhat stubborn in its attitude owing to postures like non-listing on the NY stock exchange and non-disclosures of quarterly results. There's some confusion in the market place owing to the differences of opinion regarding the stated policy of 'keeping c ustomer's interest on top' and rewarding its own set people with huge dividends, as the company remains a closely held business entity. Porsche has been a closely held company as far as shareholding is concerned. That effectively means, despite its being listed on the bourses, majority of the stake is being held by limited number of people. The earnings growth too has been good enough during this decade despite a global slowdown in economies owing to reasons like t

Enviroment science lab3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enviroment science lab3 - Essay Example According to Budyko (1982), anthropogenic activities of man more so industrialization and agriculture are the key contributor to the greenhouse gases. The data clearly indicates that, between 1990 and 2005, there has been an increase in the CO2 by more than 20 mol-1 in the five regions. Anthropogenic activities in the regions of studies in regard to the production of greenhouse gases, which are deforestation to create space for industrial development and agriculture and combustion of fossil fuels, have been on the rise. With this being the trend, is clear that in the last forty year, CO2 emission was lower. This is because industrialization was low and the population that needed to be fed from agriculture was low too. Therefore, deforestation and green gas emission was low making my hypothesis is right (Budyko, 1982). Earth System Research Laboratory: Global Monitoring Division. (n.d.). Retrieved from U.S Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Research web site: http:

Story-truth versus Happening-truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Story-truth versus Happening-truth - Essay Example Story-truth, on the other hand, allows the listener to be there, with the narrator in the present, and see how things were. Story-truth allows for the emotion of war to be the truth, and not just the action. O'Brien uses both types of truth in his writing, to emphasis the difference, and to help the reader see that through emotion, difficult circumstances, and distant reality that story-truth comes much closer to actual truth than happening-truth. O'Brien regularly uses story-truth as a way to show the emotional connections between the soldiers, and also the emotional burden that they share both when a fellow soldier dies, and when one of them kills an enemy soldier. One of the clearest examples of story-truth is in the description of the young Vietnamese soldier that was killed near My Khe. The first time the reader sees the story, they read about the other soldiers applauding the kill, and how well he had done, while he focuses on the injuries, and the shapes they represented to him. While the other soldiers saw his work as successful, he could only imagine what the young man had been like before he died. We are even taken into the other soldier's life, and shown that he is a pacifist, who does not want to be there (a reflection of O'Brien's own desire not to be there). The second time the reader encounters the story, the actual kill is described, the throwing of the grenade and the shock when the man actually died. The thi rd time, the reader is told that O'Brien did not actually throw the grenade, he had only watched. The happening-truth would only tell the reader how the man had died. By creating a story-truth, the reader is allowed to see that the whole troop could feel the young man's death, and how profound an impact that had on even those who did not make the kill. O'Brien, for example, feels as if he did, simply by being there and not stopping it. The story comes to life, and in many ways, who had killed the man no longer matters. What matters is how the men felt, and reacted to the event. That man may never have even existed, or been a compilation of several kills, but the feelings would have been the same each time. Those are the story-truth, and the real truth, because they are what last. During the story, O'Brien allows the reader to see that war is not all medals and victory. He allows the reader inside, to see the tragedy, the death, and the plain humanity of those who go to war. For Vietnam, especially, many of the men fighting did not want to be there, and when they returned home, they did not know what to do with themselves. In Speaking of Courage, a story-truth, O'Brien takes a story about one man, and his hopelessness after the war, and helps his readers to feel the despair, and the strong feeling of being lost so many soldiers have when they return. His character imagines a conversation about the war, in which he could have won a medal. Except that nobody asked to hear the story. For the veterans, few people want to remember the war, and they had no way to share all the turmoil inside. These circumstances are impossible to show in happening-truth, since they only share the physical happenings. By making the story universal, everyone feels what it is like to be lost, and trapped inside their head. Throughout the book, a sort of distant reality is created for the reader. Distant, because although you can see the pain, and feel the emotion, it is hazy, and unclear what really happened. Did Tim

Postmodern Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Postmodern Philosophy Essay Postmodern philosophy is a means through which people’s ways of reasoning are evaluated and analyzed. It seeks to explain why everyone has a different opinion towards things that they come across or face in life. A current post modern belief is that a correct description of reality is impossible and in order to enable others to understand the way you perceive or prefer certain things, you need to interpret them. Post modern philosophy can be reflected in the way we live our lives and at our places of work. An example in my own life is the way I would convince people about how something is good so that even if they are not interested, eventually they would give in and in the end I w will be happy. And according to (Weis, 2003 P. 161) this is Persuasion through self interest which is created by developing a trust since I have the best interests of the other person at heart. I may tell a friend that we should take a certain class during that semester because I know he/she is focused and would make a good study partner even though that class does not really interest him/her. This does not mean I do not want him/her to focus on what interests them I know we will be helping each other out and maybe next time they will be the ones convincing me. In an organization, it can be seen when a company wants to become a better competitor as said by (Kotter,1996) that in order to be successful now and in the future, we need to empower others to act and create wins while consolidating gains. In order to promote team work at the office, a company may decide that in its’ engagement in social corporate responsibilities it will take it’s staff to work at the remote parts of the country where the is a school for the orphans and they will have to forego things like internet, family time and nice joints to hung out. In such a situation, the workmates will have to work together to help the children, listen to different opinions all this to enhance their bonding which is vital in their work ; This is what (Ritti Levy, 2002) call creating positive outcomes through negative reinforcement. References Kotter J. P. (1996). Leading Change. Published by Harvard Business Press Ritti R. R. Levy. S. (2002)The Ropes to Skip and the Ropes to Know: Studies in Organizational Behavior. Published by Wiley Weiss. A. (2003) Organizational Consulting: How to be an Effective Internal Change Agent. John Wiley and Sons

History and Importance of the Geneva Motor Show

History and Importance of the Geneva Motor Show   Introduction The International Geneva Motor Show, commonly known as the Geneva Motor Show, is an exposition of the most trendy, important, and relevant brands on the automobile industry (Auto Express, 2017). Widely believed Europes most important cars exposition, this event is holding some of the most high-priced and high-value car launches in record. It is one of the most important dates on the car lovers calendar. (Auto Express, 2017). The first time the Geneva Motor Show was held, was in the year 1905. It is almost as old as the invention of the motor vehicle. Since then, it has been holding the debuts from some of the most iconic cars in history. For example: The Jaguar E-Type, the Aston Martin DB7, and the Range Rover. All of these, were presented to the public on Geneva press conferences (Auto Express, 2017). The 87th Geneva Motor Show was celebrated on Thursday, 9th of March, 2017 for ten days. Car brands, such as Ferrari, McLaren and Lamborghini, introduced to the public faster, more advance and more luxurious versions of their sports cars. Not just that, extravagant SUVs were showcased by Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz this year event (Wiener-Bronner, D. 2017). Methodology This report is going to be a documentary recompilation of online articles from reputable newspapers and automobile magazines, such as Bloomberg CNN; Auto Express; Car Magazine and Top Gear. All relevant about the history and importance of the Geneva International Motor Show. The Exposition The 2017 Geneva International Motor Show was hosted at the Palexpo Arena, in the city of Geneva in Switzerland. This years event has been open to the public from 9 of March for 10 days (Pollard, 2017). The worlds biggest car companies were converging at this exposition to show off their best innovations to the market. Electric technology, autonomous driving, and lots of horsepower were the dominant topics of the event (Elliott et al., 2017). As it was mentioned before, two examples of the high-priced and luxurious cars presented on the event this year are: The Lamborghini Huracà ¡n and the Ferrari which is priced at ‎à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬292,000 or $308,000 (Elliott et al., 2017). Despite the fact that Tesla (the biggest electric car company at the moment) did not appear this year at the show, other automakers promised to reveal new electric vehicles. That is the case of Renault, that said they would unveil an EV surprise, and Toyota, declared that would show off a new electric car concept named the i-TRIL Concept. (Wiener-Bronner, D. 2017). Iconic Showcases It has been a long period between the beginning of the automobile industry begun to debut at 1903 to the present. Along the years had been numerous presentations and introductions of new models that can be said, shocked the public and the market. According to Jamieson (2017), from Top Gear, the following are some of the most iconic vehicles ever presented on Geneva, since the first days of this exposition: 1929, Mercedes SSK. The car was created before the great depression. Drivers like Rudolf Caracciola, and thanks to this machine, who was attracted to the first time he saw it, won races in Argentina, Northern Ireland and a series of Grand Prix races across Europe. 1935, Citroen Traction Avant. This vehicle was the pioneer introducing the monocoque chassis, full independent suspension and front wheel drive. 1952, Fiat 8V. This model came with a two-litre V8 engine, that produced 125 horsepower, an aluminium sump, forged crankshaft, polished heads and four-into-one headers made from stainless steel. It is said that the 8V was probably the most advance European car of that era. 1961, Jaguar E-type. When this car was unveiled in Geneva, it caused such an uproar that a second vehicle had to be bought, from Coventry, to satisfy the demand for test drives at the event. The very same, Enzo Ferrari, said that the E-Type was the most beautiful car he had ever seen. 1963, Mercedes 230SL. Aluminium panels reduced the car weight. A short wheel base and double wishbone suspension given a superior handling. All these elements, I addition of a fuel-injected engine, makes this machine a serious competitor to Ferraris models. 1971, Lamborghini Countach. The road-going version of the vehicle had a five-litre V12 engine. Although, the 25th Anniversary model came with the 5.2-litre version of the engine and 425 horsepower. 1995, Ferrari F50. Thanks to the 4.7-litre V12 engine with 510 horsepower, in addition a Pininfarina design, this car got the major attention of that years event. Conclusion As a conclusion, the Geneva International Motor Show, not only has become as an industrial exposition for companies to sell their products, but also has become a space to display technological innovations to the public. Similarly, the exposition is an opportunity to have the chance to look in a close perspective, and even touch and experience the feeling of a luxurious and high performance car for the majority of enthusiast of sport and classic automobiles. References Auto Express (2017). Geneva Motor Show. Retrieved from http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/geneva-motor-show Pollard, T. (2017). Dont miss a single Geneva motor show story with our handy guide. Retrieved from http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/motor-shows-events/geneva/2017/geneva-motor-show-2017-preview-a-z-of-all-the-new-cars/ Elliott H., Behrmann E., Rauwald C. (eds.). (2017). The Most Breathtaking Cars at the Geneva Motor Show. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2017-03-08/the-most-breathtaking-cars-at-the-geneva-motor-show Wiener-Bronner D. (2017). Jobs report; Geneva Motor Show. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2017/03/05/investing/stocks-week-ahead/ Jamieson, C. (2017). The ten biggest debuts from the Geneva Motor Show. Retrieved from https://www.topgear.com/car-news/geneva-motor-show/ten-biggest-debuts-geneva-motor-show#1

Milk Adulteration and Its Toxicological Effects

Milk Adulteration and Its Toxicological Effects Introduction Despite the governing the control of quality and sale of milk existing for decades, adulteration of milk could not be checked. With the increase demand of milk, the adulteration of this commodity is on increasing day by day. The problem of adulteration is more during summer and rainy seasons, when milk production in comparatively much less than the winter season. Adulteration of a food article may be defined as making the article impure by the addition of some of the legally prohibited substances into a more valuable product or the subtraction into a more valuable component a product to devalue the latter or the combination of both, with a view to increase the bulk or quality and to increase unlawful, excessive profit through sale of such a food. Ever since the system of organized milk collection was introduced in this country, the quality of milk received by our dairy industry has not been improved. The adulteration is carried out through a number of fraudulent practices, which not only lower down the nutritional value but makes it unfit for human consumption with toxic effects. The adulterated milk also leads to the production of standard dairy products resulting in economic losses. The practice of adulteration has become extensive due to existing conditions of production and handling of milk. Various no. of tests determine the nature and extent of adulteration of milk and even adulterants. The purchasing power of many consumers in our country is very low. Consequently such consumers often go for the lower price of milk, even knowing about the poorer quality of the same. Such attitude of the consumers makes adulteration of milk possible to a greater extent. [1] Types of adulteration The commonly used adulterants are Addition of water. Addition of separated milk. Addition of thickening agents when milk id watered it becomes deficient in density and also viscosity which may be restored by addition of substances like gelatin, cane sugar, starch, glucose. Partial skimming. Addition of coloring matter to restore color lost by skimming or diluting or to make naturally poor looking to appear rich. Unusual adulterants-of late, due to more wide spread use of fertilizers by farmers in India, who are also the primary milk producers, a few new types of adulterants like urea, ammonium sulphate etc. have come up. [2] MILK ITS COMPOSITION Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules with in a water based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals. Milk is the secretion, practically free from colostrum, obtained by the milking of healthy udder.it represents one of the sources of essential amino acids for human nutrition. These nutritional attributes of milk have long made it a mainstay particularly in the diet of growing children. There are estimated to be the 8 to 10 thousand milk products made of milk available in world thus making it exceptionally versatile raw product. Milk is composed of water, fat, protein, lactose, and minerals. The concentration of these products varies between cows and breeds. Total milk solid refers specifically to fat, protein, lactose and minerals. This is to be differentiated from SNF (solid not fat), a frequently used term which describes the total solid contents minus fat. The nutritional as well as economic value depends upon its solid contents. The higher the solid content the greater the milk product yields. Cheese yield are directly relayed to milk casein content. Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins beside the caseins including enzymes. These other proteins are more water-soluble than the caseins and do not form larger structures. Because the proteins remain suspended in the whey left behind when the caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins. Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, citrate, and chlorine are all included as minerals and they typically occur at concentration of 5–40 mm. [3] Composition off milk Water 84-90% Fat 2-6% Protein 3-4% Lactose 4-5% Ash .1% NEED FOR PROCESSING OF MILK A multitude of events takes place in the process of delivering milk from the farm to the dinner table and all are designed to provide the consumer with wholesome, nutritious and safe products. The production of quality milk and milk products are begins in the farms and continuous through further handling, processing and distribution. Milk processing has two primary objectives: Destruction of human pathogens through pasteurization. Keeping the quality and shelf life of the products without significant loss of flavor, appearance, physical and nutritive properties. Milk processing and plant procedure seeks to: Prevent further bacterial contamination of raw material. Reduce bacterial numbers in milk. Protect the finished products from recontamination through careful handling, proper packing and storage. Pasteurization is the means whereby raw milk is rendered safe for human consumption. It is the process of heating milk to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient length of time to make it free from pathogens, and spoilage bacteria. [4] TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ADULTERANTS FORMALIN Formalin is added in milk to preserve it for longer period. Formalin is very toxic. Many cases of biological mutation and reproduction complication have been noted. On toxicity it causes tumors formalin causes CNS disorders and also irritates nose, throat and lungs. When taken in high dose it cause cancer and may lead to coma. UREA Urea is generally added in the preparation of synthetic milk to raise the SNF value. Potential symptoms are burning sensation in throat and chest; cough, dyspnea, exercise-induced asthma (one case); redness, in eyes and skin, headache; nausea, vomiting, lung damage-fibrosis, inflammation (HE11). Affected organs are respiratory system, skin, eyes, it has also used medically as an abortifacient and a skin moisturizer. AMMONIUM SULPHATE The presence of ammonium sulphate increases the lactometer reading. The product has low toxicity. However, the following points should be noted. On skin contact prolonged contact may cause some irritation. On eye contact it may cause irritation. On ingestion small quantities are unlikely to cause toxic effect and large quantities give rise to gastro-intestinal disorders. On inhalation high dust concentration of air-borne material may cause irritation of the nose and upper respiratory tract with symptoms such as sore throat and coughing. Inhalation of some decomposition gases may cause irritation and corrosive effects on the respiratory system. Some lungs effect may be delayed. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Milk is treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06 % of H2O2), along with control sample (untreated sample), for the purpose to activate Lacto peroxidase system, which destroy the bacterial population by its antibacterial effect. Lacto peroxidase (LP) system is naturally present in raw milk that prevents the bacterial multiplication due to its bacteriostatic effect. By activating the LP-system, shelf life of milk can be increased for 8 to 12 hours. Lacto peroxidase (LP) system consists of three components; LP, thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide. And it is active only when all of three components are present. Lacto peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxides and generates an intermediate product with antibacterial properties. These products have a broad range of antimicrobial effects against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Objectives Raw milk preservation by use of H2O2 is done for many important purposes like; To enhance the shelf life of milk for consumption without microbial contamination. To minimize the processing cost by heating the milk. Side Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide Eye exposure to dilute hydrogen peroxide may cause extreme irritation and pain, but is unlikely to cause permanent damage. Enemas of dilute hydrogen peroxide have been reported to cause serious gastrointestinal side effects. Skin contact with concentrated hydrogen peroxide can cause severe burns and even gangrene. An overuse of H2O2 can cause damage to DNA cells, and prevent them from replicating, hence leading to premature aging. The use of hydrogen peroxide can cause your skin to dry out or rather drains away the moisture content in skin, which is required to keep your skin looking young and supple. Vitiligo is a disease that is marked by the loss of skin pigment, which affects a lot of people. Studies show that it is due to the high levels of hydrogen peroxide in the blood and epidermis. It can cause irritation in gums and teeth, since H2O2 is a highly reactive compound. Hydrogen peroxide being highly reactive can easily pass through your tooths enamel and react with the dentin and pulp part of your tooth. Throat soreness is another common side effect of hydrogen peroxide. [5] SUGAR The common sugar present in milk is lactose. The fat content of the milk is more compared to the protein content. Table sugar like sucrose is added to the milk to increase the carbohydrate content of the milk and thus the density of milk will be increased. So the milk can now be adulterated with water and it will not be detected during the lactometer test. Ketose sugar will react with the resorcinol to give a red colored precipitate, indicating the presence of Table sugar in milk. SIDE EFFECTS OF SUGAR Sugar can suppress your immune system. Sugar eaten during pregnancy and lactation can influence muscle force production in offspring, which can affect an individual’s ability to exercise. Sugar can elevate glucose and insulin responses and return them to fasting levels slower in oral contraceptive users. Sugar can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cells and tissues. Sugar can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, inability to concentrate and crankiness in children. Sugar can produce a significant rise in triglycerides. Sugar causes a decline in tissue elasticity and function – the more sugar you eat, the more elasticity and function you lose. Sugar reduces high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Sugar can lead to ovarian cancer. Sugar can increase fasting levels of glucose. Sugar causes copper deficiency. Sugar can make tendons more brittle. Sugar can increase the levels of glucose in the blood much higher than complex carbohydrates in a glucose tolerance test can. Sugar can cause two blood proteins – albumin and lipoproteins – to function less effectively, which may reduce the body’s ability to handle fat and cholesterol. Sugar can contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. Sugar can cause platelet adhesiveness, which causes blood clots. Sugar can cause hormonal imbalance – some hormones become underactive and others become overactive. Sugar can cause free radicals and oxidative stress. Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in stool and bacterial enzymes in the colon, which can modify bile to produce cancer-causing compounds and colon cancer. Sugar combines with and destroys phosphatase, a digestive enzyme, which makes digestion more difficult and can aggravate premenstrual syndrome (PMS).[6] Salt Addition of salt in milk is mainly restored with the aim of increasing the corrected lactometer reading. All four cationic electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) are available in unrefined salt, as are other vital minerals needed for optimal bodily function. Too much or too little salt in the diet can lead to muscle cramps, dizziness, or even an electrolyte disturbance, which can cause neurological problems. Excess salt consumption has been linked to: Exercise – induced asthma. Heartburn. Osteoporosis. Gastric cancer is associated with high level of sodium. Hypertension. Left ventricular hypertrophy (cardiac enlargement). Duodenal ulcer. [7] Vegetable Fat Milk fat is the natural source of variable variety of fatty acids diversified in nature. It is separated to make the cream and sold at high prices. People separate the cream from the milk and add vegetable fat into the milk and then sell it after homogenization. Vegetable fat is unsaturated and it gets oxidized and becomes rancid when exposed to air so become hepato-toxic and may cause liver cirrhosis. Small milk globules become rancid when oil and vegetable fat is being added and interesting thing is that color and consistency of the milk remains normal. [8] Starch Milk contains relatively large amount of fat. Addition of carbohydrate to milk increases its solid content. There by reducing the amount of fat present in the milk. Starch is one such component that is added to adulterate milk. The test to detect starch in milk uses iodine solution, addition of which turns the milk solution to blue black color due to the formation of starch Iodo complex, in the presence of starch. Potential symptoms are irritation of eyes, skin, mucous, membranes, rhinorrhea, cough, chest pain, dermatitis. Soap Soap is added to milk to increase the foaming of milk and thus to have thick milk. Addition of such chemicals will cause health problem especially related to stomach and kidneys. Soap can be detected by adding phenolphthalein indicator to the adulterated milk. A pink color will be observed if soap is present as the alkali will be neutralized by the acidity of the milk when phenolphthalein indicator is added. [9] Neutralizers The new Neutralizers Test manufactured by Astori Tecnica allows the immediate colorimetric determination of the presence of added neutralizers (such as NaOH, KOH, carbonates, bicarbonates, ammonia, various alkalis, etc.) in milk or cream. These prohibited substances may be added to fresh or badly preserved milk with the tricky purpose to correct its pH and acidity values to optimal ones, and so pretend the milk is freshly milked or perfectly preserved. [10] REFERENCES Research Can Lead To Longer Shelf Life For Dairy Products (http: //www.sciencedaily.com/releases /2002/12/021223084204.htm).Sciencedaily.com. 2002-12-23. Retrieved 2010-08-28. Detect Adulteration in Milk: Empowering Consumers to Test Themselves (http://cgsiindia.org/2013/05/detectadulteration-in-milk-empoweringconsumers-to-test-themselves/). Henriksen J, (2009) â€Å"Milk for Health and Wealth. (ftp: //ftp. fao. org/doc rep/fao/011/i 0521e/i 0521e00.pdf) FA O Di versification Booklet Series 6, Rome. Schultz, Madeline (April 2012) fluid milk profile (http: //www. agmrc.org/commodities products/lives tock/dairy/fluid-milk-profile/). Iowa State University. T. Matsuoka (2004). Detection of adulterants in milk using near infrared spectroscopy. J. Food Sci. Tech. 41(3): 313-316. Borin, A., M. F. Ferrao, C. Mello, D. A. Maretto and R. J. Poppi (2006). Least-squares support vector machines and near infrared spectroscopy for quantification of common adulterants in powdered milk. Analytica Chimica Acta. 579:25-32. Tipu, M. S., I. Altaf, M. Ashfaq, S. Siddique (2007). Monitoring of chemical adulterants and hygienic status of market milk. Handbook published by Quality Control Laboratory, Lahore, Pakistan. pp.: 7. Jha, S. N. And T. Matsuoka (2004). Detection of adulterants in milk using near infrared spectroscopy. J. Food Sci. Tech. 41(3): 313-316. Sengar, M. S. (2007). Milk adulteration on rise in Agra. Friday, November, 07, India. Accessed from www.google.com. Anonymous, (2012). Introduction to dairy science and technology: milk history, consumption, production, and composition. International Dairy Federation, Bulletin 423/2007. Accessed from: http://www.foodsci. cuoguelph. ca/dairyedu/intro.html.

ray charles Essay -- essays research papers

Ray Charles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1930s many black musicians where coming out of the south. One especially who would soon top the charts and hit fame and fortune starting in his young years, Ray Charles. After conquering poverty, blindness and many other things, success was possible. In his young age he had a few losses in his family and near after came down with a disease which was causing him to go blind. He later came over the blindness and was able to learn and compose music with the help of his skills in mathematics. After enduring a harsh childhood and blindness, Ray Charles was able to over come his handicap and follow his dream in music.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ray Charles was born on September 23, 1903 to a very poor family. Although no birth record exists, his mother, Retha Robinson, dubbed him Ray Robinson, which he later changed so as to not be confused with Sugar Ray Robinson, a famous boxer (World Book 383). Ray Charles, or as everyone called him RC, was born to a mother only sixteen years old and she had another coming. By RC’s first birthday, his little brother George was born. â€Å"None was sure who George’s father was, but all remembered that Mr. Pit and Mis Georgia, who had no children of their own, adopted George to take the added burden off Retha†(Michael 7). While Retha was not able to watch over RC, he was cared for bye her friend Mary Jane, who was split up with her husband and had lost her son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the...

All Students Should be Required to Study a Foreign Language :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

All Students Should be Required to Study a Foreign Language Educators historically have argued over the propriety of offering various academic courses. One recent yet continuing argument on American college campuses tends to pit school against school, professor against professor, student against student, school against professor, professor against student and student against school. The issue is whether or not courses in a foreign language should be required to attain a Bachelor's degree. Some believe the idea is absurd, while others believe it is a progressive move toward 21st century education. Although some people believe the entire world should speak English, the reality is that all Americans should have some degree of formal education in a foreign language. Foreign language skills could have a positive impact on race relations in America. The number of minorities in America is rapidly increasing. In fact, "minority" groups will soon form a collective "majority" of the citizens in America. Considering the facts that many minority groups speak English as a second language and America has no official language, compulsory foreign language classes are viable options. Of course, opponents of mandatory foreign language courses will say that immigrants and naturalized citizens should learn and speak the "de facto" official language of the United States--English. It is a valid point, but misses the bigger picture. People who speak English as a second language are already bilingual, while American-born students typically are not. Language is the most fundamental aspect of a culture. Students who learn the not-so-foreign language of the predominant minority group in their region of the country will gain at least some insight into the different cul ture of their neighbors and perhaps have a better understanding of them at the personal level. If we take these bits of insight and understanding and couple them with compassion, fertile ground for multicultural harmony in America will be sown. While foreign language skills can improve domestic affairs, the same can be said of foreign affairs. Foreign language skills can be useful in promoting American foreign interests. In a global economy, doing business abroad is paramount, but language barriers can be a burden. Opponents of a foreign language requirement in education would argue that most foreign businessmen already speak English. Admittedly, most foreign competitors do speak English, but only out of necessity. They learned to speak English in an effort to better communicate with their American counterparts and take advantage of the money making potential of doing business in America. All Students Should be Required to Study a Foreign Language :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays All Students Should be Required to Study a Foreign Language Educators historically have argued over the propriety of offering various academic courses. One recent yet continuing argument on American college campuses tends to pit school against school, professor against professor, student against student, school against professor, professor against student and student against school. The issue is whether or not courses in a foreign language should be required to attain a Bachelor's degree. Some believe the idea is absurd, while others believe it is a progressive move toward 21st century education. Although some people believe the entire world should speak English, the reality is that all Americans should have some degree of formal education in a foreign language. Foreign language skills could have a positive impact on race relations in America. The number of minorities in America is rapidly increasing. In fact, "minority" groups will soon form a collective "majority" of the citizens in America. Considering the facts that many minority groups speak English as a second language and America has no official language, compulsory foreign language classes are viable options. Of course, opponents of mandatory foreign language courses will say that immigrants and naturalized citizens should learn and speak the "de facto" official language of the United States--English. It is a valid point, but misses the bigger picture. People who speak English as a second language are already bilingual, while American-born students typically are not. Language is the most fundamental aspect of a culture. Students who learn the not-so-foreign language of the predominant minority group in their region of the country will gain at least some insight into the different cul ture of their neighbors and perhaps have a better understanding of them at the personal level. If we take these bits of insight and understanding and couple them with compassion, fertile ground for multicultural harmony in America will be sown. While foreign language skills can improve domestic affairs, the same can be said of foreign affairs. Foreign language skills can be useful in promoting American foreign interests. In a global economy, doing business abroad is paramount, but language barriers can be a burden. Opponents of a foreign language requirement in education would argue that most foreign businessmen already speak English. Admittedly, most foreign competitors do speak English, but only out of necessity. They learned to speak English in an effort to better communicate with their American counterparts and take advantage of the money making potential of doing business in America.