The Coronation Of The Virgin - 1513 Words

Dated circa 1515, The Coronation of the Virgin is the earliest known altarpiece by Bartholomà ¤us Bruyn the Elder German, 1493–1555, who was a contemporary of Lucas Cranach and Hans Holbein, and the foremost painter in Cologne in the sixteenth century. It is one of the few German Renaissance altarpieces that still have the side panels intact. Although it has a later frame, Linda Muehlig, associate director of curatorial affairs at Smith College Museum of Art, affirms that, â€Å"a technical analysis of the wood of the side panels showed that they were cut from the same tree as the center panel, refuting the theory that they might have been added later.† (SCMA) In this work, Bruyn unifies late Gothic tradition with northern Renaissance elements, creating a unique style. The work is a three-panel altarpiece, painted in oil on oak wood panels. The large central panel of the triptych shows the Virgin Mary being crowned by the whole Christian Trinity, known as the One who is Three. Christ wears a red robe and holds a scepter. His calmness suggests that the pain of the body does not affect him on the spirit. According to the bible, â€Å"This shining did not conceal but rather revealed the more those wounds upon His hands and feet which cruel men had inflicted and His brow still bore the marks of barbed thorns† (Revelation 12:1). His face is a younger version of God the Father, who holds a globus cruciger, and dresses a heavy crown along with a richly brocaded and jeweled robe like a king.Show MoreRelatedFra Angelico’s Coronation of the Virgin: Art Use during the Renaissance: 1344 Words   |  6 Pagessetting the stage for distinct and innovative art styles and ideas. Fra Angelico’s Coronation of the Virgin (Figure 1) and other for ms of religious artwork from Renaissance Europe, although sometimes varying in interpretation, were created in order to bring social divisions together under the protection of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Commissioned for the Church of San Domenico in Fiesole, the Coronation of the Virgin was both visually beautiful, and functional as a church altarpiece. The DominicansRead MoreMaster Was An Italian Artist858 Words   |  4 Pages4 bound volume that describes the sacred subjects. It also includes the miniatures dating from 12th to 16th century from France, Germany, Austria, Bohemia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Italy. Description: Olivetan Master, Heaven on Earth (Coronation of the Virgin with Trinity and Saints), 1440, miniature on vellum, 15.7 x 14.3 cm, Rosenwald Collection, National Gallery of Art. In this piece of art it actually showing about the Christian art. How Christ is accompanied by God the Father and the HolyRead MoreA Doorway From Moutiers Saint Jean1194 Words   |  5 PagesJohn of Rà ©Ãƒ ´me in the fifth century in dedication to the Virgin Mary. â€Å"His sanctity drew others to him and enabled him to found a religious community dedicated to the Virgin. Such monasteries grew up in Burgundy and elsewhere from the cells of disciples clustered around the hermitage of a holy person.†1 It was the monasteries dedication to the Virgin that inspired the biblical scene on the arch of the doorway to be the Coronation of the Virgin. In the scene, Christ and Mary are enthroned in the KingdomRead MoreFashion Essay : Queen Elizabeth I1013 Words   |  5 Pageswould be criticized as weak and underserving. Catherine L. Howey contends: â€Å"Elizabeth had to present herself as a chaste, virginal woman to prove that she was morally worthy of holding the traditionally mas culine office of monarch.† (Dressing as a Virgin Queen pg. 201) Due to a thriving economy, English fashion rapidly transformed as residents longed for finer, imported clothing; thus, Queen Elizabeth I quenched the country’s thirst for extravagant clothes by setting standards of dress and extendingRead MorePortraiture Depictions Of Queen Elizabeth I1578 Words   |  7 Pagescommunicate to the people of the country, she only showcased the way people should only view her. The portraits show her identity, historical events, displays concrete arguments about her identity as a virgin, royalty, power, and purity. The first portrait of Elizabeth I as Queen is the Coronation Portrait, this portrait captured her beginning moments as Queen. This portrait also dictates how legendary she would and will become. In this painting, Elizabeth I has her hair down to symbolize her virginityRead MoreNicolas Rolins Commission of a Paiting818 Words   |  3 Pagesthis his way of exhibiting his wealth and power (Harbison 2012)? It is believed that this painting was commissioned for both reasons. According to Gaston Bord, this painting was commissioned for two main reasons. He wanted to show his devotion to the Virgin Mary while simultaneously connecting him to his patronage of his church. Van Eyck was known for his acute sense of observation and the quasi-scientific precision of his paintings. His works reflected an astonishing realism that some called the perfectionRead MoreElizabethan Age Nationalism Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pageslast word. She was their King, this virgin Queen that defined her life with the love of no man but a country of loyal subjects. England prospered in culture and religion as well as establishing itself as a world power, all during Elizabethan times. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, nationalism soared due to the queen’s deep devotion to England which she portrayed through these four titles, or â€Å"faces† she adopted over the years; the Protestant Queen, the Virgin Queen, the Pirate Queen, and finallyRead MoreEssay on Innovation During the Middle Ages 2066 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom France, a major center for ivory carvings during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . Smaller devotional works gained popularity duri ng the Gothic era. The Diptych (fig 2) considered in this comparison consists of two panels: the Coronation of the Virgin and the Last Judgment. Both were popular scenes in the Gothic era . There are two subsequent scenes in the lower registers of each panel. The figures in the low relief are smaller in scale and relate to the scenes taking place in the heavenlyRead MoreEarly Italian Renaissance Art: Florentine vs. Sienese Art2288 Words   |  10 Pagesand Byzantine conventions, such as a shimmering gold background, but infused into that tradition his own new stylistic techniques. Vasari includes among Duccios many accomplishments his work in the Duomo of Siena. He especially acclaims Duccios Coronation of Our Lady, which was previously located on the altar of the Duomo. Giotto rose to fame as the principle figure of the Florentine tradition, and his technical skill in the field of painting was recognized and praised by his contemporaries. GiottoRead MoreThe Cathedral Of Notre Dame888 Words   |  4 Pages The Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Reims, northeast of Paris near Champagne was the coronation church of the kings of France and was an educational and cultural center. Also built of limestone, the architecture of the Reims Cathedral features Gothic style. It symbolizes an Early Gothic, Radiant Gothic and Flamboyant Gothic. The Reims Cathedral depicts a classic harmonic facade containing four levels. Its interior is defined by its towering heights and narrow proportions, and elaborate sculptural works

Book Report Write Up on To Free a Family - 800 Words

Book Report Write Up on To Free a Family To free a family is a story about a woman named Mary Walker and her journey from slavery to abolition by Sydney Nathans. During this process Mary faces many tribulation throughout her life. She does what she believes is in the best interest for her and her family. She struggles when she is separated from her family and her only wish is for them to all live together in an abolitionist state. She sets off knowing the risk she must take to gain her freedom. After facing many challenges as slave and fearing being separated from her family, Mary decides to escape from her slave life and travel North. Mary became a free slave in order to free her family. Mary’s life is a bit different from the†¦show more content†¦She desperately wants her family to join her. Some may think she is crazy, that after she was a run away slave, she would contact her master but Mary cared so deeply for her family she did not have many other choices. It was her dream that they could all live together again one day. She pleads with her new employer to help her free her family. He refused her request. Mary continues as their housekeeper. Her Journey of challenges continues until abolitionist’s head into North Carolina. Once General O.O. Howard he was able to connect Mary to her two children. Her prior Master Duncan Cameron had died which meant her children’s debt could be repaid in order to free the. She was elated to be reconnected with her children. At first things were really great. She was not expecting them to cause any trouble in her life but unfortunately they did. She struggles with their behavior and does her best. She later married an Irish immigrant. Mary died in 1872 after finally being reunited with her loved ones. It may not have been the way she pictured it but it was the way her life was played out. To Free a Family was a very intense and interesting book. The book had the ability to keep me engaged an d questioning what would happen next in the life of Mary Walker. The author Sydney Nathans does a great job with depicting what her life as a slave and free women were like. She meshes different accounts from the beginning to end of Mary’sShow MoreRelated How I Learned To Become Literate Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesBecome Literate As a six-month-old baby books had opened up a whole entire new world of experience for me. My inspiration to learn how to read and write was encouraged by my Mother and Grandmother. This is because they read out loud to me before bed occasionally and gave me the best time of my life by introducing me to a library. By two years of age I developed speech and other communication skills. This helped me understand and develop a favorite book, â€Å"PJ Funny Bunny,† and I would stare at theRead MoreAnalysis Of Liesel Meminger In The Book Thief855 Words   |  4 PagesLiesel Meminger is a hardworking, book-thieving, kind hearted girl that has blonde hair, blue eyes, and an engrossing life story. During Liesel’s engaging tale, from The Book Thief, by Markus Zusak, she has encounters with an abundance of characters, such as Hans Hubermann, Ilsa Hermann, and Max Vandenburg. The key ideas are, who impacted her, what they did, the decision/s they impacted and what she gained from it. Hans Hubermann is Liesel’s foster father who loves, supports, teachers and entertainsRead MoreTolstoys Influence on Notorious Leaders of the World Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, only a handful survived past childhood. Tolstoy built up debts from gambling and joined the military to run from his debts. He began writing shortly after. He started writing letters to family and friends. Tolstoy â€Å"matured into a masterful novelist who, over the next decade and a half would write War and Peace and Anna Karenina† (Heims, p. 75). He really became inspired to start writing after he met Victor Hugo and read his book Les Miserablà ©s, written in 1862. Leo Tolstoy borrowed the titleRead MoreMy Memories - Original Writing Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesmargins of the paper with my own illustrations. My earliest purpose was to preserve the story for the next time I played, so I would never leave the toys on a permanent cliffhanger in their adventures through dollhouses and pantries. I wrote book after book, penning my ideas on folded sheets of notebook paper and stapling them together. The tales of stuffed ponies and Barbie dolls and plastic cars were stagnant with melodrama and simplicity, but to me as a second-grader, they were accomplishmentsRead MoreEssay about Review of Dickersons End Of Blackness928 Words   |  4 Pages Debra Dickerson, a lawyer and journalist, sets out to inform blacks that they have to give up on the past. If they do not give up on the past, there will be no future for blacks in America. She opens her book, The End of Blackness: Returning the Souls of Black Folks to Their Rightful Owners, by saying â€Å"this book will both prove and promote the idea that the concept of ‘blackness,’ as it has come to be understood, is rapidly losing its ability to describe, let alone predict or manipulate, the politicalRead MoreUse Of Free Verse From All Bonds Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagespolice brutality cannot be sepa rated when the majority of men being shot and killed by police are black. The use of free verse declares the rejection of mediating a collective of black voices and experiences. When elaborating on form, Rhian Williams states that ‘Free verse liberates itself from all bonds’. However a wider discussion on the use of free verse is whether art can truly be free, similar to the debate of whether black people can truly express emotion without restriction. Rankine also playsRead MoreThe Truth About Elearning.Globalization And Automation1724 Words   |  7 Pagescan negatively affect the ambition of students, the way a teacher teaches one how to learn cannot be replaced by a virtual teacher, and throwing an iPad at the poor who cannot afford higher education will widen the education gap at the bottom. In the book Rise of the Robots by Martin Ford and The World is Flat by Thomas Friedman, we are provided with a bigger picture of what is going on in the world today concerning globalization and automation. In The World is Flat, Thomas Friedman talks about otherRead MoreEssay on Book Banning and First Amendment Right1686 Words   |  7 Pages What is a banned book? A banned book is a book that has been removed from the shelves; it could be from a library, classroom, or even the bookstore because of its content. A book could be banned for many reasons, but it could be banned because it contains sex, violence, inappropriate language, religious viewpoints, witch craft, and many more things because other people deem it inappropriate. When someone bans a book they ban it for everyone else too. The First Amendment states that Congress shallRead MoreProgressive Taxation And Income Tax System778 Words   |  4 Pageslast 60 years, and it is now much more intrusive and complex. Prior the year of 1948, there was no income splitting and income averaging for families. In the early 1948, there was a tragedy due to the high progressive rate in the income tax system. 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Scheduling, Resources, and Budgeting Free Essays

The aspect of addressing multiproject is indeed complicated due to the numerous tasks and concerns that are associated in the general assignment. Among these complex tasks and concerns are the resources and materials needs, the time available for the multiproject, the jobs necessary for the completion of the project, and the processes involved in each respective task involved. For the effective management of these critical procedures and concerns, it is important to have a systematic plan, which involves a schedule and a reliable budget. We will write a custom essay sample on Scheduling, Resources, and Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now The development of schedule organizes the time involved and the complex procedures of the project while the budgeting concern addresses the critical resources important for the project completion. Indeed, through having a project plan, the complex nature of multiproject can be properly addressed thus, achieving the desired result for the project. For the concern of the management of the resources in the project plan, budgeting and scheduling this element is necessary for the continuous operation towards the completion of the project tasks. In this aspect, the organizer must familiarize him or herself regarding the resources needed, their access towards acquiring these, and most importantly their availability. Based on these factors, the resources must be properly scheduled to the general project plan thus, developing the connection between the task involved in the project and the resources needed for these procedures. Naturally, numerous problems are likely to arise regarding the resource access and allocation in the procedural operation for multiproject such as the inavailability some of the resources, the delayed arrival of it, insufficient acquisition, unbalanced distribution, and others. To address these problems, it is important to schedule resources highlighting the amount, availability, and the period of access of the resources needed for the project. Another important concern in resource schedule is relating them to the general project plan particularly on the organization of the procedural tasks and process steps. This is critically necessary as the resources or materials are critically important for the procedural tasks wherein the latter cannot be done with the necessary materials for it. As such, the organizer of the plan must plan the access and availability of the resources taking advantage of their abundance and resorting to other channels to alleviate shortage and inavailability. Planning ahead of these negative consequences and the period when the materials are needed can ensure the continuous establishment of the project process towards its completion. On the other hand, another critical element in the project plan is the work force required for the completion of the process tasks of the multiproject. Having the resource on time is important yet, these must still be converted to what the multiproject requires through working on it. Naturally, project work requires the elements of time and manpower thus, are essential to the completion of the project. Often, these elements also become the primary hindrances in the project completion such as the inavailability of work force, the depletion of the time allowed for the project due to the complexity of each tasks. As such, outsourcing project work is indeed practical and likewise important for the successful completion of the multiproject. Outsourcing project work can be manifested in different forms depending on the nature of the external contribution and the tasks involved. Project organizer can resort to buying already made materials that tailors to the need of the project tasks thus, minimal processing is needed allowing more time for the other procedures. Outsourcing project work can likewise come in the form of having additional people to work in the project tasks to hasten its processing over its complexity. Another is utilizing the benefits offered by the sources and producers of the materials such as their delivery, their custom parts, special requests on the products and others. All of which are indeed beneficial to the project plan as each significantly contribution towards the completion of the multiproject. Indeed, outsourcing project work is both practical and beneficial to the project as this approach saves time, gives additional work force for the project tasks, and negates the adversity of complex procedures thus, it must also be considered and incorporated in the general project plan. Bibliography Chapman, James R. (1997). The Project Management Triangle. Principle Based Project Management. http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_prin2.htm. March 2, 2008. Howarth, Stanley M. (1999). A Guide to Project Management. T N Publication. ISBN-10: 0966905407. How to cite Scheduling, Resources, and Budgeting, Papers

Lucha Por La Independencia His Essay Research free essay sample

Lucha Por La Independencia His Essay, Research Paper LUCHA POR LA INDEPENDENCIA HISPANOAMERICANA CONCEPTO DE AMERICA La mayor a de los historiadores y ge grafos est de acuerdo en que existen dos unidades geogr ficas diferenciables: La Am rica anglosajona Y Am rica Latina. Las diferencias fundamentales entre ambas est n determinadas por aspectos ling sticos, hist anti-racketeering law, culturales, sociales y pol ticos. Mientras el territorio que comprende La Am rica anglosajona fue conquistado Y colonizado -esencialmente- por ingleses, Frances y otros grupos provenientes del centro Y norte de Europa, el territorio de la Am rica Latina fue colonizado -en su mayor a- por espa oles y Portugueses. Esto marc diferencias de lenguaje: nut La anglosajona, predomina el ingl s ; en la latina, predominan el espa ol y el portugu s. Junto con La herencia cultural que determina EL lenguaje, tambi N, se manifiestan diferentes visiones del mundo, actitudes y creencias, que generan diferencias con La parte que se denomina anglosajona. A esta Am rica diferente, los historiadores y ge grafos lupus erythematosus Han designado el nombre de Am rica Latina como una manera de establecer los rasgos distintivos entre una Y otra Am rica. Con nan frecuencia, se tiende a definir a Am rica Latina de acuerdo a consideraciones de tipo geogr fico. Por esta raz N, algunos destacan que Am rica Latina Es EL conglomerado de pa Ses que componen M xico, Am rica Central ( incluyendo Belice ) Am rica del Sur incluyendo Brasil y las Guyanas y algunas islas del Caribe, tales como Cuba, La Espa ola y Puerto Rico. De hecho, la inclusi n de pa Ses como Belice, las Guyanas y otras islas del Caribe no hispano en el entorno latinoamericano, hour angle sido significativamente cuestionada entre algunos historiadores, porque stas presentan caracter sticas que rompen con los patrones que -generalmente- Se utilizan parity justificar La unidad latinoamericana. Belice ( Honduras Brit nica ) fue colonia inglesa, y su idioma oficial Es EL ingl s, el cual no proviene del lat n ni se constituye como herencia de una cultura latina. Esta peculiaridad -tambi n- Es compartida por casi Toda las Antillas Menores, las Bahamas, Jamaica y Guyana. Adem s, se unen a este grupo Aruba Y Surinan, en donde se habla varios idiomas, con predominio del holand s. Sin trade stoppage, su posici n geogr FICA, su poblaci n Y muchas formas de conducta cultural Las acercan al conglomerado de los pa Ses latinoamericanos. Sin trade stoppage, podemos se axillary que La definici n m s generalizada destaca que Am rica Latina Es un continente que posee una tradici N, historia, lengua, cultura Y religi n comunes, y cuya caracter stica m s significativa Es EL mestizaje. El t rmino # 8220 ; Am rica Latina # 8221 ; apareci por primera vez en 1836, en Francia. Fue acu bustle por EL franc s Michel Chevalier, con EL five de establecer Las diferencias, en aquellos momentos, entre Am rica del Norte y Am rica del Sur. El uso del T rmino Se expandi R pidamente, y fue aceptado por los reci N independizados territorios latinoamericanos, pues represent el reconocimiento de una Am rica distinta de Espa a, Europa y los Estados Unidos de Am rica. Por diversas motivaciones vitamin E intereses, Espa a no acept La utilizaci n del concepto, y prefiri continuar utilizando los t rminos Hispanoam rica vitamin E Iberoam rica parity referirse a lo que barge denominamos Am rica Latina. Sin trade stoppage, para los latinoamericano s, la utilizaci n del concepto hour angle servido, hasta nuestros d as, como elemento aglutinador, es decir, como elemento que hour angle wainscot unidad vitamin E identidad a un Pueblo. Desde 1836 hasta EL presente, Sus alcances se han Ido ampliando, y alude a una realidad mucho m s abarcadora que La diferenciaci n entre Am rica del Norte y Am rica del Sur. En resum N podemos decir que Hispanoam rica Es EL nombre que se district attorney Al conjunto de naciones Americanas que hablan espa ol e Iberoam rica EL nombre con EL que se denomina a La parte de Am rica colonizada por Espa a y Portugal. LA LUCHA POR LA INDEPENDENCIA Las nociones de libertad y nacionalismo surgieron, en Am rica Latina, parity mulcts del siglo XVIII. Antes de la independencia, el pueblo latinoamericano adquiri conciencia de las diferencias existentes entre las metr polis Y los territorios coloniales, Y, con esta toma de conciencia, comenz a manifestarse EL sentimiento patrio Y de identidad nacional. El concepto libertad adquiri nan significado con EL nacionalismo, y la lucha por la libertad y la preservaci n de la identidad nacional Se convirtieron en los estandartes de los pueblos latinoamericanos. El incipiente nacionalismo contribuy, pues, a cuestionar EL orden colonial prevaleciente. Estas posiciones de las colonias engendraron serias divergencias con Las metr polis, lo que contribuy a allanar La ruta hacia La independencia. En el proceso de lucha, las colonias vieron surgir un nan n*mero de figuras heroicas que dejaron su huella en el desarrollo de una nueva identidad nacional. Los criollos, respaldados por ladino, mulatos vitamin E indios, lograron sustituir los poderes metropolitanos, y asumieron EL mando. El reto city manager fue lograr La integraci n de los nuevos estados reci n creados, pero parity esto epoch necesario algo m s que un fuerte deseo de libertad. LA INFLUENCIA DE LA ILUSTRACION, LA GUERRA DE INDEPENDENCIA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS Y LA REVOLUCION FRANCESA Las thoughts de la Ilustraci n, la Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos y la Revoluci n Francesa ejercieron nan influencia en los territorios coloniales de Espa a en Am rica. Gracias a la Enciclopedia de Diderot, las thoughts de la Ilustraci n fueron muy estudiadas entre los sectores educados de Latinoam rica, en exceptional, por miembros del clero Y La burgues a criolla de Hispanoam rica. En estos sectores sociales, Las thoughts de libertad, igualdad, progreso Y soberan a entre otras corrientes se difundieron R pidamente, as como las thoughts de Rousseau, Bayle, Mostesquieu, Voltaire y Rainal. Sin trade stoppage, la mayor a de la poblaci n no entr en contacto con estas corrientes de pensamiento debido a factores como el analfabetismo Y La fuerte censura prevaleciente Contra todo aquello que representara un peligro parity EL Estado colonial. No obstante, las medidas establecidas por Espa a no impidieron la expansi n de las nuevas tendencias filos ficas Y pol ticas. La Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos es ejemplo de la gran influencia que tuvieron las thoughts de la Ilustraci n en Am rica. A su vez, tambi N, tuvo un nan impacto en el pensamiento pol tico latinoamericano, y sirvi de modelo para las colonias hispanoamericanas. Por ejemplo, la Declaraci n de Independencia y la Constituci n de Estados Unidos fueron los modelos parity La Constituci n de Venezuela, de 1811. Latinoam rica vio a Estados Unidos como La encarnaci n de la libertad y del republicanismo, dais, postulados de la Ilustraci N. La Revoluci n Francesa fue otro producto de la Ilustraci n. Sin trade stoppage, por EL contrario de la Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos, La Revoluci n Francesa tuvo un impacto negativo en las colonias hispanoamericanas. Su postulado de igualdad entre todos los hombres no epoch compatible con los intereses econ micos de la clase criolla dominante. Estaban de acuerdo en la igualdad entre los miembros de su propia clase, pero no La igualdad del criollo con los indios, Blacks, mestizos y mulatos. Por esta raz N, las thoughts presentadas por La Revoluci n Francesa no fueron bien acogidas por los sectores dominantes de la sociedad colonial. Sin trade stoppage, la Revoluci n Francesa tuvo nan impacto en el Santo Domingo franc s. El ambiente revolucionario Y los cambios radicales que prevalecieron en Francia se hicieron patentes en la colonia, que se convirti en escenario de una violenta revuelta de esclavos. Como la violencia se extendi desde Hait hasta Las masas de esclavos de Venezuela, los criollos rechazaron con horror las doctrinas revolucionarias francesas, y prefirieron tomar otro modelo m s cercano a Sus intereses y a su territorio: EL modelo norteamericano. PRELUDIO A LA GUERRA DE INDEPENDENCIA: Lawsuit La Ilustraci n sirvi de justificaci n ideol gica parity las guerras de independencia latinoamericanas, pero no fue exactamente la causa que la beginning. Varias circunstancias inciden parity provocar este acontecimiento: El fuerte control de los Borbones en todos los aspectos de la vida de las colonias. El desarrollo de la burocracia como signo de centralizaci n de las funciones administrativas de la colonia, lo que beginning la p rdida de las libertades municipales. La exclusi n de los criollos de los cargos p*blicos ( con EL five de minimizar su poder ) . Un desarrollo econ mico fundamentado en La dependencia. Los altos impuestos. La falta de recursos parity mantener EL imperio ( Espa a no 10 a una adecuada fuerza militar Y tampoco produc a lo suficiente parity satisfacer las demandas Y necesidades econ micas de sus colonias. ) . Estas situaciones desencadenaron nan tensi n Y malestar entre los distintos sectores de las colonias hispanoamericanas. Sin trade stoppage, los indios, los negros Y los mulatos fueron los m s afectados, pues resultaron oprimidos, adem s, por La clase criolla dominante. ANTECEDENTES DE LA LUCHA REVOLUCIONARIA Ante la agobiante situaci n societal, y desde mediados del siglo XVIII, se desarrollaron serias convulsiones internas que pusieron de manifiesto la lucha de clases y la decadente administraci n colonial. Algunos de los movimientos m s significativos boy los siguientes: La rebeli n de los comuneros del Paraguay, un movimiento de origen econ mico y pol tico dirigido a combatir el poder de los jesuitas, quienes controlaban la Econom a colonial, y regulaban EL trabajo ind gena. La protecci n de los jesuitas hacia los indios provoc choques victimize los terratenientes, quienes quer an tener dominio sobre La tierras dominadas por los jesuitas, e interesaban tener acceso a la mano de obra guaran. Por esta raz N, los terratenientes se levantaron en rebeli n contra EL dominio de los jesuitas. El lanzamiento de Clatayud, en Cochabamba, un alzamiento mestizo Y urbano contra La tributaci n obligada a indios Y ladino. Aunque se estableci el pago de tributos a todos los sectores sociales, ste reca a m s sobre los indios. En un intento de equiparar estos pagos, el gobierno espa ol determin que los indios y ladino, deb an pagar lo mismo. Esta acci n del gobierno colonial puso de manifiesto Las diferencias sociales entre indios y mestizos Y, por esta raz N, los ladino urbanos Se alzaron Contra el tributo. El levantamiento de los hermanos Catari, un levantamiento contra los abusos de los cobradores de tributo y el repartimiento. La revuelta contra Las Compa Iowa Guipuzcoana de Caracas, un levantamiento de la aristocracia latifundista contra el monopolio ejercido por esta compa a, Y EL. control absoluto sobre EL precio de los productos, lo cual afectaba EL desarrollo econ mico de los comerciantes criollos. El alzamiento indio de Jos Gabriel Tupac Amaru, contra los abusos de la mita y del trabajo obligatorio. Este se proclam emperador del Per* , y declar abolidos los repartimientos Y La mita. Los indios nut La mita ten an P simas condiciones de trabajo, pues sta implicaba largas horas de trabajo con s lo una hora de descanso. Tambi N, estaban mal alimentados, y la coincidencia de circunstancias provoc una. alta incidencia de mortalidad. Adem s, produjo EL despoblamiento de regiones ind genas, por La emigraci n de trabajadores que hu an de La mita. Todos estos alzamientos fracasaron por falta de organizaci n T cnica y de armamentos militares. EL CONFLICTO POLITICO ESPA+OL Y LA CRISIS DE LEALTAD La Invasi n napole nica a Espa a Se considera La causa precipitante de la guerra de independencia. La invasi n francesa represent -para Espa a- La p rdida de la unidad Monday rquica ya que los Nerudas Carlos IV y Fernando VII fueron obligados a abdicar La aureole en favour de Jos Bonaparte. Con La ocupaci n francesa, el imperio espa ol enfrent una aguda crisis internacional vitamin E interna: La colonias americanas reafirmaron su lealtad al rey de Espa a, Fernando VII, y -siguiendo el ejemplo de Espa a- nut Venezuela, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Chile y otros territorios coloniales, se establecieron juntas que juraron lealtad a La Junta de Sevilla. A pesar del apoyo inicial, en Am rica, ya comenzaba a perfilarse una crisis de lealtad: +a qui n ser an leales? +al rey o a La Junta? Ante la ausencia del monarca, +ten a Espa a poder sobre La colonias? , la light criolla de M xico determin que, ante la ausencia del rey, Espa a no 10 a ning*n derecho que ejercer sobre Am rica. Bas ndose en el principio de que la soberan a radicaba en las instituciones criollas, Las colonias comenzaron a tomar Sus propias determinaciones pol ticas, lo que, impl citamente, represent una separaci n de Espa a. En 1810, Caracas estableci la Junta Suprema de Caracas, compuesta por miembros de la light colonial Y del Consejo Municipal. Aunque la Junta declar su lealtad Al rey, no obstante, determin controlar Y gobernar La colonia wickedness La autorizaci n del gobierno espa ol. Era evidente que la light colonial no estaba dispuesta a acatar La autoridad metropolitana en unos momentos en que, claramente, se reflejaba la debilidad del imperio espa ol. Por consiguiente, la lite criolla aprovech La coyuntura internacional Y La debilidad de Espa a parity declarar La independencia. GUERRA DE INDEPENDENCIA: LUCHA ARMADA. GUERRA CIVIL, GRUPOS Y HEROES NACIONALES La Guerra de Independencia de los pueblos hispanoamericanos fue cruenta, encarnizada, y puso de manifiesto Las luchas internas de poder entre la lite criolla. La clase dominante se fraccion en distintos grupos de poder: patriotas realistas, centralistas, federalistas, moderados, liberales y conservadores. Por ejemplo, en Chile, el Congreso Nacional estaba dividido en grupos: moderados vitamin E independentistas ( encabezados por Bernardo O # 8217 ; Higgins ) . En Venezuela, el Congreso Nacional mostr, tambi N, diferencias entre los grupos pol ticos, wickedness trade stoppage, los grupos a favour de la independencia dominaron. Francisco de Miranda y Sim n Bol volt-ampere ( ambos independentistas ) organizaron, en 1810, la Sociedad Patri tica, con EL five de lograr la separaci n. Venezuela declar La independencia en 1811, y redact una constituci N que follow la forma de gobierno republicano y federal, similar a La Constituci n de Estados Unidos. Los conflictos internos Y La movilizaci n de las fuerzas espa olas sofocaron Y suprimieron La Primera Rep*blica de Venezuela. Ante el fracaso venezolano, y Las pocas posibilidades de lograr el apoyo de Nueva Granada parity La recuperaci n de Venezuela, Bol var decidi exilarse en Jamaica. En M xico, los sectores populares thousand s afectados por La luchas entre criollos Y peninsulares fueron los indios y los ladino. Ante las p simas condiciones sociales y econ micas del campesino ind gena, el padre Miguel Hidalgo Se Levant en rebeli N, en 1810. El Grito de Dolores inici la guerra de independencia de M xico. Este movimiento epoch esencialmente ind gena Y campesino, y careci del apoyo de los sectores dominantes como La iglesia Y la light criolla. Ante la derrota y muerte de Hidalgo, nut 1811, Jos Mar a Morelos retom La lucha armada. Para 1813, ste convoc el Congreso de Chilpancingo, y plante la independencia absoluta de M xico. La causa libertaria de Morelos qued truncada, en 1815, al ser capturado Y ejecutado. En La regi n de La Plata ( Buenos Aires ) , la lucha entre criollos Y peninsulares se vio afectada por otra fuerza externa que ejerci presi n sobre la regi N: Inglaterra. En los a os de 1806 Y 1807, La Plata fue ocupada por Inglaterra. Esta ocupaci n provoc una crisis en la administraci n colonial, pero, tambi N, estimul EL clairvoyance ritu nacionalista de los porte os, y puso de relieve la fragilidad del imperio espa ol. La *nica colonia nut Sur Am rica que mantuvo La adhesi n Y lealtad a Espa a fue Per* . Razones de tipo societal Y racial contribuyeron a este hecho: La clase criolla peruana prefiri mantener la lealtad a Espa a ante EL temor de una alianza entre los ladino Y los indios, que eran num ricamente superiores a ellos, pues dicha alianza cod a poner en peligro Sus intereses econ micos y sociales. En EL Caribe, Puerto Rico Y Cuba tambi N permanecieron leales a Espa a. Sin trade stoppage, en ambas islas, comenz a perfilarse United Nations movimiento a favour de la independencia. En Puerto Rico, por ejemplo, hubo una nan simpat a hacia La lawsuit libertaria, y el Pueblo puertorrique o se neg a participar militarmente en Contra de los hermanos latinoamericanos. Ante la solidaridad manifiesta de Cuba y Puerto Rico a la guerra de independencia, Espa a decidi reforzar EL sistema represivo en las islas con el five de evitar levantamientos revolucionarios, y logr retener Las islas. Las colonias centroamericanas tambi n Se rebelaron Contra Espa a. De hecho, la primera provincia en declarar su independencia fue El Salvador. Al contrario de M xico, La rebeli n centroamericana fue fundamentalmente elitista, y tuvo poca participaci n de los sectores populares. En 1823, el reino de Guatemala -compuesto por Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua y Costa Rica- declar La independencia Y en 1824, se organiz la Rep*blica Federal Centroamericana. No obstante, La Rep*blica Federal Centroamericana enfrent serias dificultades que la llevaron finalmente Al rompimiento que dio Origen a las naciones que conocemos barge. Para 1815, parec a que EL movimiento independentista de las colonias espa ollas hab a fracasado. En 1816, las fuerzas expedicionarias de Pablo Morillo reprimieron con dureza a Nueva Granada Y Venezuela. A pesar de la reacci n antirevolucionaria, comenzaron a resurgir fuerzas de resistencia, como las guerillas. El movimiento independentista renaci con EL gran triunfo de la batalla de Boyac, con el cual Se liber Nueva Granada, y se proclam la formaci n de la Rep*blica de la Gran Colombia, compuesta por Venezuela, Nueva Granada y Ecuador. Bol volt-ampere encarg la tarea de libertar al Ecuador al general Antonio Jos de Sucre, Y sta se complet en 1822. Mientras la lucha bolivariana se recrudeci en el norte de Sur Am rica, en Chile, las fuerzas realistas dominaban la regi N, y correspondi a Jos de San Mart n la liberaci n de este pa s. En la batalla de Chacabuco, de 1817, San Mart n derrot a los espa oles, pero fue en la batalla de Maip* cuando San Mart n logr la independencia de la regi n. El triunfo revolucionario en Chile permiti EL establecimiento de un gobierno encabezado por O # 8217 ; Higgins, y con su apoyo, San Mart n prepar la campa a parity conquistar Per* . En ese mismo a O, Agust n de Iturbide, en M xico, proclam EL Plan de Iguala, que declar La independencia de M xico. El encuentro de Bol volt-ampere Y San Mart n se produjo en Guayaquil. Como resultado de la entrevista, San Mart n renunci a Sus lading, volvi a Chile, y emigr definitivamente a Europa, Bol var recurri a Sucre parity La liberaci n del Alto Per* . La batalla de Ayacucho puso fin a las guerras de independencia, Y, con La independencia del Alto Per* , naci Bolivia. Al contrario de las guerras de Independencia de las colonias espa ollas, la independencia de Brasil no fue sunburn devastadora. Brasil se convirti en la sede del gobierno portugu s cuando Napole n ocup Portugal, Y esta presencia fue importante en el desarrollo de la colonia: R o de Janeiro creci Y Se fortaleci econ micamente, y Portugal permiti reformas econ isinglass en Brasil que beneficiaron a los comerciantes brasile os. En el aspecto pol tico, Brasil epoch regido como un estado aut nomo ; no obstante, en 1820, se produjo, en Portugal, un levantamiento que exigi La convocaci n a Cortess y el retorno del rey Joao VI. Ante el retorno del rey, las Cortess propusieron revocar EL gobierno aut nomo de Brasil, Y esta situaci n provoc que EL heredero al trono de Portugal, Pedro de Braganza -radicado en Brasil- Se pronunciara en contra del gobierno de Portugal. Este determin levantarse en rebeli N, declar La independencia, y se convirti en el primer emperador de Brasil. EFECTOS DE LA GUERRA La lucha por La independencia tuvo serias implicaciones en los reci N independizados territorios: La independencia no asegur el five de las guerras civiles, y los conflictos regionales se agudizaron luego de la guerra. Las tensiones sociales y raciales prevalecientes durante la guerra polarizaron las sociedades de los nuevos dad Ses. El poder pol tico de las naciones independizadas fue vitamin D bil, y promovi EL desarrollo del caudillismo. Aunque la guerra termin con EL monopolio espa ol, las naciones latinoamericanas quedaron a merced de la influencia econ mica de Estados Unidos vitamin E Inglaterra, que dominaban EL mercado atl ntico. Esto represent un problema adicional, pues el fuerte desarrollo econ mico de los norteamericanos resultaba demasiado competitivo parity los dad ses recien independizados. Adem s, en ellos, prevalec a un clima de confusi N, desorganizaci n vitamin E inestabilidad. El Congreso de Panam no cont con EL apoyo de todos los pa Ses Latinoamericanos. Luego de la independencia, las naciones latinoamericanas atravesaron serias dificultades de tipo pol tico Y econ mico que m s bien generaron La disgresi n de los estados. Adem s, las potencias extranjeras -como Estados Unidos- ve an con nan recelo La unidad latinoamericana, pues pod a poner en peligro Sus intereses sobre La regi n. Estas razones explican, en nan medida, por qu EL Congreso de Panam, de 1826, no logr su cometido, y el Sue o bolivariano de la confederaci n de los nuevos estados americanos qued inconcluso. Despu s de la independencia, Guatemala busc apoyo en M xico como aliado parity poder mantener la oligarqu a en EL poder. Gabino Ga nza declar su anexi n a M xico vitamin E inmediatamente, Iturbide envi un ej rcito Al mando del general Vicente Fil sola, que fue muy bien recibido en la capital del reino. Pero se produjo una disensi N: El Salvador se sublev contra los Mexican-Americans, y el ej rcito de Fil sola se dirigi hacia aquella provincia, a la cual pudo someter. A La ca da de Iturbide, Fil sola volvi a Guatemala, donde La situaci n hab a cambiado, y se encontr muchos m s partidarios de la separaci n de M xico y de una independencia sum. Propuso convocar un congreso parity decidir lo que hab a de hacerse. El congreso, reunido el 24 de junio de 1823 nut Guatemala, declar La independencia sum. El reino de Guatemala pas a llamarse Provincias Unidas de Centroam rica, y se nombr un gobierno probationary de tres miembros, encabezado por EL physician Pedro Molina, con La misi n de redac tar una constituci N. Cuando Se reviser la constituci N, de influencia norteamericana, en noviembre de 1824, el pa s pas a llamarse Rep*blica Federal Centroamericana. Esta estaba formada por cinco estados, que ten an, a su vez, poderes ejecutivos, legislativos Y judiciales completamente aut nomos dentro de sus cubic decimeter touchs territoriales. Las luchas de las oligarqu as provinciales para mantenerse en el poder, y la de todos contra el intento centralizador de Guatemala, donde resid a EL gobierno nacional, llevaron a La disoluci n de la federaci n. El presidente, Manuel Arce, y el gobernador de cada provincia ( en Costa Rica, Juan Mora Fern ndez ; en Nicaragua, Manuel Antonio de la Cerda ; en Honduras, Dionisio Herrera ; en El Salvador, Juan Vicente Villacorta ; en Guatemala, Juan Barrundia ) , todos ellos pertenecientes a La oligarqu a terrateniente, organizaron gobiernos provinciales fuertes y poco a poco fueron separ ndose del gobierno cardinal. Nicaragua, Honduras y Costa Rica se declararon independientes en 1838, Guatemala, nut 1839, y El Salvador se independiz en 1841. LOS COMIENZOS DE LA VIDA INDEPENDIENTE Al concluir EL siglo XIX, Am rica Latina qued dividida en 19 naciones y unos territorios incorporados, inmersos en un proceso de formaci n de nacionalidades que se caracterizar por La violencia que generar La pol tica de los reci n nacidos dad Ses, en torno a asuntos tales como La anarqu a, los gobiernos dictatoriales y la definici n de fronteras. Pr cticamente todos los dad ses latinoamericanos, menos Brasil, tendr n conflictos de esta naturaleza. La inexperiencia pol tica de los criollos, cabal con La luchas civiles y la ambici n imperialista de otros dad Ses, propiciar La intervenci n continua de potencias extranjeras como los Estados Unidos vitamin E Inglaterra. Esta intervenci n ser el precio que habr que pagar por irse incorporando a La econom a mundial, y Al capitalismo europeo, en exceptional, con Inglaterra. Al concluir EL proceso de liberaci n, cada una de las nuevas naciones se inici en el ejercicio de la vida independiente en circunstancias muy variadas. Por ejemplo, M xico sobresale por La complejidad Y variedad de los problemas que tuvo que enfrentar, an Son a los que sufri Durante su vida colonial. Adem s, su posici n geogr FICA lo coloca en una situaci N conflictiva, pues es, tambi N, la frontera norte de Am rica Latina, y el punto m s propicio parity La penetraci n de los pa Ses que quisieron apoderarse del control que hab a perdido Espa a. En otros dad Ses, los procesos fueron menos intensos, m s localistas, o m s uniformes. MEXICO M xico inicia su vida independiente bajo el imperio de Iturbide, en 1821 pero, en 1824, promulg su constituci N, y se cre La Rep*blica Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Surgen dos bandos: los centralistas y los federalistas, quienes se debatir n EL poder Durante casi Department of State vitamin D cadas. Durante la decada de 1830, ante la creciente inmigraci n de estadounidenses al territorio de Texas, EL presidente Santa Anna ordena Las fronteras texanas, por lo que surgi el conflicto de Texas: los texanos se declararon independientes, y Santa Anna atac la regi n para reintegrarla a M xico. Logr su primera Victoria en El Alamo pero, m s tarde, fue derrotado. Como resultado, Estados Unidos se apoder del territorio de Nuevo M xico y la Alta California. En un segundo enfrentamiento, los norteamericanos invadieron M xico. El tratado Guadalupe-Hidalgo devolvi La paz: M xico cedi EL territorio desde EL R o Grande hasta EL Pac fico, y recibi 15 millones de d lares como indemnizaci N. Tras a os de continuas luchas por el poder, Santa Anna ( caudillo del Pueblo ) respaldado por EL clero Y los grandes terratenientes regres al gobierno, y se convirti en dictador. Benito Ju rez Y otros cubic decimeter deres se rebelaron Contra la dictadura de Santa Anna, quien fue derrotado Y Se exili en Colombia en 1857. Surgieron nuevos ideales de reforma: separar La Iglesia y el Estado ; secularizar la educaci n ; reducir el poder o econ mico de la iglesia quit ndole los bienes ; impulsar la econom a, y establecer un sistema de justicia apoyado por legislaci n aprobada por una asamblea representativa. Se promulg una nueva constituci N en 1857, y Ju rez asumi EL poder. Dicha constituci N prohib a La esclavitud Y Las propiedades de la Iglesia: conced a La libertad de prensa ; eliminaba los monopolios y establec a un gobierno democr tico representativo. COSTA RICA Costa Rica rush como un dad s political action committee fico. A pesar de tener una predominante poblaci n blanca, no exist an marcadas diferencias sociales. El trabajo, la unidad Y La paz caracterizaban Al Pueblo costarricense, el cual logr desarrollar su econom a gracias Al cultivo del caf, en un marco democr tico, y sin necesidad de un ej rcito. A este auge, le siguen tres cambios sociales importantes: EL surgimiento de una clase adinerada junto a una clase media ; la diversificaci n cultural gracias a La posibilidades econ isinglass existentes, y la constituci n de un R gimen broad de gobierno. EL SALVADOR La Rep*blica de El Salvador atraves una serie de golpes de estado y de luchas pol ticas entre 1841 Y 1864. Los salvadore os exiliados retornaron Al dad s Y proclamaron, en 1871, el gobierno de Santiago Gonz lez, quien comenz un programa de reformas liberales. Le sucedi Rafael Zald volt-ampere, quien fue derrocado por una coalici N, que reuni por primera vez Al Pueblo Y Al ej rcito parity llevar a cabo un golpe de estado. El Salvador termina el siglo XIX entre golpes de estado, habiendo conocido 62 presidencias en 58 a os. A pesar de ello, se alcanzar un nan progreso material con La creaci n de sistemas telegr ficos, el overseas telegram submarino, y el establecimiento de bancos y l neas de ferrocarriles. Nicaragua Hasta mediados del siglo XIX, Nicaragua atraves numerosas guerras civiles entre las ciudades de Le n ( de tendencias liberales ) y Granada ( de inclinaci n conservadora ) . Al ocupar los ingleses el puerto de San Juan ( con La intenci n de construir un canal hacia EL Pac fico ) , el Pueblo Se uni parity rechazar La invasi n. Ante la impotencia Contra EL poder Britisher nico, se comenz a negociar entre Inglaterra y Estados Unidos, quienes tambi n pensaban construir un canal por Panam. La situaci n termina gracias al tratado Clayton-Bulwer. En 1849, se comenz a construir carreteras, gracias a una concesi N hecha a La compa a Accesory Transit Company. Se inici una revuelta Contra La compa a porque sta Se negaba a pagar La cuotas que establec a EL contrato. Poco a poco, se consigui nacionalizar La Ruta, y comenz a prosperar EL dad s. William Walker lleg al poder mediante La fuerza, lo que provoc que EL Pueblo Se uniera por tercera vez Y sacara Al intruso, cabal con la ayuda de fuerzas militares de dad Ses vecinos. Luego de este suceso, se estableci un gobierno con Department of State presidentes, uno por cada bando, broad Y conservador. De 1859 a 1893, se sucedieron en el poder conservadores y liberales, quienes lograron traer prosperidad Y progreso al pa s. Honduras Una sociedad wickedness marcadas diferencias de clases, una econom a desarticulada, y una geograf a que no license a La libre comunicaci n fueron Las caracter sticas de este pa s durante el siglo XIX. En 1880, la constituci n sustituy las leyes espa ollas, y se consigui la libertad de prensa. Se enfatiz EL cultivo del caf Y La explotaci n de las minas como base econ isinglass del dad s. En 1891, se celebraron Las primeras elecciones, Las cuales aunque libres provocaron una guerra civil. Policarpo Bonilla trat Durante su presidencia de crear nuevamente una Federaci N Centroamericana, como La que existi hasta 1837, cuando Am rica Central se fragment en los paises que la constitu an. Mientras tanto, los Estados Unidos iban asumiendo un monopolio en la realizaci n de las obras p*blicas del pa s. A mulcts del siglo, se logr reestructurar la econom a, basada en el guineo y la explotaci n minera, lo que desemboca en la entrada de Honduras al mercado mundial. Guatemala La Rep*blica de Guatemala comenz su vida independiente embarcada en una lucha de poderes entre Francisco Morazas Y Rafael Carrera. Carrera asumi La presidencia en 1844, y gobern hasta su muerte en 1865. Le sucedi Vicente Cerna, quien fue depuesto por Miguel Garc a Granados, quien termin con EL monopolio Y dio auge Al comercio y a La agricultura. De 1873 a 1895, Justo Rufino Barrios construy La bases de la moderna Guatemala. Otorg la libertad de cultos, estableci el matrimonio civil, se encarg de la educaci n del Pueblo, y trat de eliminar la influencia de la iglesia cat lica en el poder pol tico. Dio auge Al cultivo del caf como base de la econom a. Le suceden nut EL gobierno Alejandro M. Siniboldi, Jos Mar a Reina Barrios y Manuel Estrada Cabrera. REPUBLICA DOMINICANA La Rep*blica Dominicana vivi una serie de cambios de potencias dominantes, los cuales condicionaron su desarrollo. Fue invadida por Hait, dad s que ejerci su dominio hasta 1844. En el Plano pol tico, la independencia o separaci n de Hait, fue favorecida por otro movimiento que Se inici en aquel dad s en 1843 Y que se propon a EL derrocamiento del Presidente Boyer. Duarte y los trinitarios supieron aprovechar T cticamente este levantamiento, llamado # 8220 ; La Reforma # 8221 ; . La participaci n en la revuelta antiboyeriana facilit la preparaci n del movimiento independentista, pero provoc La represi n por parte de nuevo gobierno surgido despu s de la ca da de Boyer, presidido por Charles Herard. Duarte y otros trinitarios debieron abandonar EL dad s ; Fco. del Rosario S nchez, reorganiz Las fuerzas separatistas que pronto proclamar an La Rep*blica. El movimiento separatista cont con EL apoyo condicional de la diplomacia francesa que propon a un protectorado a La naciente Rep*blica . Esta propuesta escendi EL movimiento entre independentistas puros ( duartistas ) y simples separatistas ( afrancesados ) . Ambos bandos estuvieron presentes en la Junta Central Gubernativa que finalmente qued controlada por los *ltimos. Duarte y los dem s liberales fueron expulsados del dad s en ese mismo a O de 1844, por orden del entonces Presidente Pedro Santana. A os de inestabilidad y nuevas luchas con Hait llevan a lo dominicanos a pedir nuevamente la anexi n a Espa a nut 1860, la cual dur cinco a os. En 1868, Buenaventura B ez quiso anexar EL dad s a los Estados Unidos wickedness tener xito. Siguieron a os de revueltas y crisis hasta 1887, cuando Ulises Heureaux logr el poder, que conserv por doce a os. Este ampl a La industria azucarera, ayudado por trabajadores de varios pa Ses del Caribe. Aunque la vida del pueblo fue peor que Durante la poca de la colonia, los Estados Unidos aprovechar n esta ocasi N parity intervenir en la pol tica del pa s durante el siglo Twenty. Haiti Hait sufri 38 a os de luchas pol ticas Y sociales, situaci N que termin en 1849, cuando Faustino Soulouque se proclam emperador. Nuevamente, el crimen, Las luchas sociales y el anarquismo sumieron Al dad s en la miseria que heredaron los haitiarios del siglo XX. CUBA Y PUERTO RICO Cuba y Puerto Rico continuaron siendo colonias espa ollas hasta 1898, cuando pasaron a ser posesi n de los Estados Unidos, Durante la Guerra Hispanoamericana. El sentimiento separatista Se hab a hecho sentir en la islas: Cuba, por su parte, sigui luchando su independencia Y el 23 de septiembre de 1868, en Puerto Rico, se dio EL Grito de Lares, un intento de los boricuas de liberarse de Espa a. Mientras Cuba logr la independencia, a Ra omega vitamin D EL cambio a La soberan a norteamericana, Puerto Rico se enfrenta Al siglo XX con un nuevo gobierno, bajo la influencia de otra cultura y de otro idioma, wickedness dejar de ser parte de la regi n latinoamericana, en donde hab a nacido en el siglo XV. Venezuela Venezuela sufri una oligarqu a militar Durante casi todo EL siglo XIX, y la dictadura se impuso como la forma de gobierno predominante. Jos Antonio P ez encabez el primer gobierno de la nueva naci n ; de corte centralista, el gobierno de P ez se caracteriz por: La P rdida del poder O econ mico Y educativo de la iglesia ; la aplicaci n de la pena de muerte para los cr menes pol ticos, y el continuismo de la esclavitud. Comenz a levantar La econom a, con lo cual logr: amortizar La deuda nacional ; construir V as de comunicaci n, y dar impulso al comercio exterior con La venta del caf Y EL chocolate tree. En la d cada del 1848 Al 1858, desapareci la credibilidad de la administraci n p*blica, y comenz a decaer R pidamente la econom a del dad s. Los errores del gobierno broad de los a os 60 trajeron como consecuencia una nueva guerra civil, que concluy con la presidencia de Antonio Guzm n Blanco. Su gobierno Se caracteriz por garantizar EL voto universal, y la elecci n directa del presidente por el Pueblo. Guzm n Blanco gobern durante 28 a os, y trat de recuperar el chromium dito exterior, as como La inversiones extranjeras. El *ltimo presidente del siglo XIX, Cipriano Castro Ruiz, Tom la ciudad de Caracas al mando del ej rcito, y se convirti en el gobernante m s corrupto del siglo. Colombia La Rep*blica de Colombia atraves 25 guerras civiles despu s de su independencia. Francisco de Paula Santander logr organizar Las finanzas del dad s ; aument EL comercio interno Y EL externo ; y dio comienzo a una poca de prosperidad parity la naci n, que se interrumpi con la guerra civil de 1840, cuando se formaron los partidos pol ticos broad Y conservador. Se foment La cultura, se follow el sistema m trico, y se impuls el comercio internacional. Tambi N, se prepar EL tratado con Estados Unidos parity La construcci n del canal de Panam. Bajo el gobierno del broad Juan Hilario L pez, se pusieron en marcha las reformas del 50, que trajeron problemas con La Iglesia Cat lica al expropi rsele los bienes. La Constituci n de 1863 empeor el problema Al garantizar La libertad religiosa, suprimir La rdenes religiosas, y autorizar Al gobierno a supervisar EL culto p*blico. Se sucedi una serie de gobernantes ineptos hasta 1880, cuando Rafael N* ez se convirti en EL amo. Estableci una nueva cons tituci N, restableci las relaciones diplom ticas con EL Vaticano, y el catolicismo volvi a ser La religi n oficial del dad s. Ecuador Luego de la independencia, Ecuador vivi una poca violenta de luchas pol ticas Y religiosas. Los gobiernos de Juan Jos Flores y Vicente Rocafuerte intentaron resolver los problemas del dad s, pero trataron Al Pueblo con mano cruel Y vitamin D spota. De 1845 nut adelante, el pa s sufri momentos de anarqu a que duraron hasta mulcts de siglo. Gabriel Garc a Moreno, apoyado por La iglesia Y los anti-racketeering law terratenientes, subi Al poder Y trajo el primer periodo de progreso al Ecuador. Construy escuelas, hospitales y 5 as de comunicaci N pero, ir nicamente muri asesinado en las escaleras del palacio presidencial. Eloy Alfaro, EL sucesor, desmantel La estructura de gobierno. Dispuso que La educaci n La impartir a EL gobierno y no La iglesia. Regul los matrimonios, los divorcios y los entierros, y aceler La econom a del dad s Al fomentar La exportaci n de productos nacionales. Peru Hasta 1844, en el Per* , se sucedieron cruentas guerras civiles. Bajo el gobierno de Ram n Castilla, el pa s comenz a disfrutar de una vida political action committee FICA, pues ste restableci EL comercio, explot comercialmente el salitre Y EL guano, estableci cubic decimeter neas de ferrocarril y el tel grafo, y aboli La esclavitud negra Y el tributo Al indio. Por constituci N, se establecieron cubic decimeter touchs al poder presidencial, y se declar EL catolicismo como religi n oficial. Antonio Pezot tuvo que enfrentarse a Espa a, que quer a recuperar su Antigua colonia. Como resultado, se enfatiz la educaci n militar y la naval. Del 1879 Al 1883, se libr la segunda Guerra del Pac fico entre Bolivia, Chile Y Per* . Este perder a La zone salitrera, su mejor fuente de ingresos. Luego de otra guerra interna, C ceres tom el poder, y logr reorganizar econ micamente al pa s. Pi rola reinstal La dictadura, y estableci un degree Celsius digo militar pero fue un buen administrador. Bolivia Bolivia adopt una constituci N en 1826 basada en la divisi n de poderes y el derecho Al voto. La presidencia ser a vitalicia, y el presidente cod a nombrar a su sucesor. Se abolieron los privilegios sociales y la esclavitud, y se otorgaron derechos civiles a La poblaci n. Antonio Jos de Sucre, electo presidente, impuls La econom a del dad s pero no lo pudo sacar de la bancarrota. Su sucesor, Andr s de Santa Cruz, cre universidades y escuelas, vitamin E implant EL degree Celsius digo penal espa ol. Le sigui un periodo de anarquismo hasta subir Al poder Hilario Daza. Durante la guerra del Pac fico, Bolivia hab a perdido su *nica salida Al March Y los ingresos de la producci n del salitre. Para poder salvar al dad s, hab a que rescatar La econom a, y los sucesores de Daza se encargaron de ello. Chile La Rep*blica de Chile comenz su vida independiente en medio de una nan desorganizaci n administrativa. El Pueblo ve a EL cuerpo militar como La *nica salvaci n. Bernardo O # 8217 ; Higgins fue designado manager del dad s. Su administraci N provoc malestar entre EL Pueblo, al eliminar los t tulos nobiliarios, e intervenir en los asuntos eclesi sticos. Fund escuelas y La biblioteca nacional. Tras ser obligado a renunciar, el pa s atraves una poca de anarqu a Durante la cual Se aboli La esclavitud. La constituci n de 1826 dividi Al dad s en ocho provincias. Con la subida de Prieto Al poder, comenz una poca de progreso y de orden. Se les concedi el voto a los varones mayores de veinticinco a os que supieran leer Y escribir, Y, adem s, tuvieran propiedades. De 1841 a 1851, comenz la expansi n del comercio de las minas de cobre. Con Manuel Montt, el 500 spota ilustrado, el pa s continu su acelerado progreso econ mico y cultural. Argentina Fuertes luchas por lograr La unificaci n territorial de las diferentes regiones Argentinas entre federalistas Y centralistas iniciaron La vida independiente de la rep*blica. Se convoc un congreso en Tucum n como *ltimo intento por salvar La uni n pero no tuvo efecto. En 1829, se eligi gobernante a Manuel de Rosas, verdadero caudillo del Pueblo. Rosas procur equilibrar La diferentes clases sociales mientras domin con mano f rrea. En 1852, se present una constituci N que integraba en un dad s a todas La regiones del antiguo Virreino de la Plata, hecho que trajo como consecuencia otra guerra civil, ante el rechazo que EL documento sufri entre algunos sectores que se opon an a La integraci n de un gobierno cardinal. Bartolom Mitre asumi el poder, seguido por Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Y otra guerra civil. En 1880, Buenos Aires fue proclamada capital de la rep*blica. A partir Delaware entonces, se termin la guerra con los indios, se ocup Y coloniz EL desierto, se construyeron cubic decim eter neas ferrocarrileras, se foment La agricultura, se establecieron el matrimonio civil Y La ley de educaci n. Uruguay Tanto EL Uruguay como EL Paraguay se consideraban provincias de Argentina cuando sta epoch, a*n, el virreinato de La Plata. Por esta raz N, su independencia fue obtenida de la Argentina, y no de Espa a. Durante las dos primeras d cadas de vida libre, surgieron los partidos pol ticos uruguayos: EL Colorado Y EL blanco. Sus luchas llevaron Al dad s a vivir un estado de guerra durante casi todo EL siglo XIX. El poder logr centralizarse bajo el gobierno de Lorenzo Latorre, nut 1876, quien mejor La ganader a, termin con EL poder caudillista, y Pacific Las zonas rurales. Paraguay La independencia de Paraguay se reconoci casi a mediados de siglo. Inmediatamente, comenz un periodo de progreso, gracias a La ayuda de los pa Ses europeos y Estados Unidos. El Estado fue EL chief empresario, gracias a su flota, Sus astilleros y su poderoso ej rcito. Del 1841 Al 1870, se resolvieron los problemas con EL extranjero pero no as los internos, ya que una guerra civil dej destrozado EL dad s en 1865. En los *ltimos a os del siglo, se vivieron vitamin D as de lucha entre los dos partidos pol ticos: el broad Y EL Colorado. Brazil Bajo las monarqu as de Pedro I y Pedro II que duraron 67 a os, es decir, hasta 1889, el Pueblo brasile o conoci una poca de progreso que se tradujo en intervenciones activas de Brasil en la pol tica interna de muchos dad ses suramericanos. La iglesia Y los terratenientes combatieron La monarqu a ante la amenaza de perder Sus pertenencias, la primera, y Las tierras y los esclavos, los segundos. En 1887, se produjo un golpe de estado que puso fin a La monarqu a. Durante m s de un a O, gobern una autocracia militar que produjo La separaci n de la Iglesia y el Estado, y estableci el matrimonio civil. PROBLEMAS FUNDAMENTALES DE LA VIDA INDEPENDIENTE Durante el siglo XIX, los gobiernos de los pa Ses reci n independizados Se vieron influidos por Las fuerzas militares, la sucesi n blare stica en EL gobierno, las T cnicas de gobierno no delimitadas, los golpes de estado, el exilio de los ciudadanos m s capaces, y el constante fracaso de las constituciones En el momento de tomar las riendas de los nuevos estados americanos, el elemento criollo no estaba preparado parity dirigir EL dad s. Las guerras de independencia fueron encabezadas por guies dedicados a La carrera militar, que dominaban Las t cnicas de mando pero que -apenas- pose an cualidades o principios de administraci n p*blica. Como consecuencia de sus victorias militares, controlaron Las Masa populares, y fueron convirti ndose en caudillos del Pueblo, como Sim n Bol var y Jos de San Mart n. Hubo cubic decimeter deres buenos y malos, pertenecientes a todas La clases sociales, del pueblo o de la clase alta, pero todos con algo en com*n: su preocupaci n por La patria. La mayor a de las veces, empezaron luchando por lawsuit Lords, aunque terminaran imponiendo su voluntad, por fuerza O por doctrina, para mantenerse en EL poder. El dictador, por lo general, llegaba Al poder despu s de derrocar EL R gimen existente. Las dictaduras toman auge en Am rica Latina en las postrimer as del siglo XIX. La diferencia entre daiss cubic decimeter deres, el caudillo Y EL dictador, estriba en la forma en que llegan al poder: EL caudillo recib a el apoyo de las masas del Pueblo, epoch un cubic decimeter der natural, y ten a grandes sectores del pueblo incondicionalmente a Sus rdenes. Por EL contrario, el dictador epoch un cubic decimeter der que Se apoyaba en las fuerzas militares para ejercer el control de la regi n. Su gobierno, tir nico Y totalitario, menospreciaba o ignoraba el poder legislativo. Tanto uno como EL otro promovieron inestabilidad pol tica durante los a os posteriores a La independencia. La *nica excepci n fue Brasil ya que, una vez logr su independencia de Portugal, llev una vida political action committee fica libre de dictaduras durante todo el siglo XIX. Esta situaci n permiti Al dad s iniciar una vida independiente m s productiva que la de otras regiones. Como resultado, el desarrollo econ mico que alcanz EL dad s Durante el siglo XIX fue m s s lido. BIBLIOGRAFIA Encicloped a Ilustrada Cumbre, 25ta edici N, 1984 Encicloped a Autodidactica Quillet, 26ta edici N, 1985. Rodr guez, Angel. # 8220 ; Am rica Latina: Tierra de Contrastes # 8221 ; . Ediciones Santillana, Pto. Rico. 1992 344

Sexual exploitation Essay Example

Sexual exploitation Paper Very young girl is a movie that addresses the topic of the underage prostitution in the New York City with a documentary that has the stories of several unsuspecting girls who fall victims of the city’s cruel as well as manipulative pimps. Rachel Lloyd the founder of the Girls Education and Mentoring Services (GEMS) and a former prostitute gives these little hopeless girls hope and courage again and assist them find another way of life. She is determined to ensure that the youths of today do not make the same mistakes as she was enticed into the grubby world of prostitution. The movie takes us through the exact situation in the city as we watch the life of these young women. Teen girls are seen at different phases of this transition. While some of the girls have completely and successfully broken up with their pasts others have been so psychologically manipulated by their pimps such that they feel compelled to return to their previous life. As we come to know these girls better, they emerge as well-rounded individuals full of unexpected laughter and insight. One chilling element the film uncovers is a videotape confiscated by police of two pimps recording their activities with the intent of making a reality television show. Later Lloyd gets recognized for her work at a human rights awards ceremony. Gender and sex We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual exploitation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual exploitation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual exploitation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sex refers to the biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs, while gender expresses the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine. Sociologically gender role refers to the characteristics as well as behaviors that different cultures attribute to the sexes Prince (2005). What it means to be a real man in any culture requires male sex plus what our various cultures define as masculine characteristics and behaviors, likewise a real woman needs female sex and feminine characteristics. Sex industry A number of women earn part or all their living as sex workers. The sex industry includes pornography, nude dancing, telephone sex, as well as computer pornography. Contrary to the ugly stereotypes of prostitutes as fallen women, dope addicts, or disease carriers, sex workers are women at worksupporting children as single parents, trying to save money to go to school, surviving economically in a job market that underpays women at every economic level. As adult sex workers speak out, they expose the many forms of violence that they experience: Poverty that forces women, especially women of color and runaway teenagers, into work as sex workers Sexism in the job market that means that even middle- and upper-class women can earn more in sex work than in most other jobs available Intimidation and beatings by pimps, to whom many sex workers must give their earnings in return for protection, Police harassment and lack of police protection when they are victims of crime such as robbery, battery, and rape, The arrest and prosecution of prostitutes while clients go free (Willis, 2010). The racism and class bias that lead to the arrest and imprisonment of far more prostitutes of colour and women with low incomes than white, middle-class women, even though the majority of sex workers are white and middle-class are the challenges this women face day in day out. Very young girls takes us through a face of this challenges faced by the young women. The film is a reflection of the modern society. The victim has no one to turn to the people who are supposed to help her treat her like a criminal. The girls are left to live in fear and terror some of them do not even survive the ordeals while others end up hating the opposite sex all through their lives. Sexual exploitation refers to the exchange of money, drugs, food or shelter for sexual activities, especially with children or youths under the age of eighteen. Drug use is linked to sexual exploitation in a number of ways. To begin with, many persons who are exploited are sexually assaulted, raped and abused when under the influence of drugs Carlson (2010). Again, many people become involved in the sex industry to finance their drug addiction and often trade their body for drugs. Lastly, human and drug trafficking are often linked, and through threats of violence and promises of freedom. This is never considered prostitution or consensual. Some youth feel they are not being exploited, and that they have chosen to exchange sexual acts for resources. But sexual exploitation is not employment nor is it a chosen occupation; it is a form of sexual abuse. Prostitution and Substance Abuse Drugs are basically related to prostitution, especially street prostitution. Estimates suggest that between 40 and 85 per cent of the prostitutes are drug users (Carlson, 2010). Many prostitutes, men and women, engage in this behavior to support their drug habits and are often the victim of sexual exploitation, violent crimes, rapes, assaults and other serious crimes but these are very often unreported crimes. In some cases, an individual begins to prostitute herself as a way to finance a drug habit. In other cases, a third person may be forcing a person to work on the street or in a brothel to make money. Drug use may be a consequence of the life that a prostitute leads and drugs may be taken to numb themselves, deal with the reality of their life and as a way to be able to get on the street and continue to do the degrading and often violent work. In some cases, a prostitute will be forced by a pimp or other person to take drugs to ensure that they do as they are told and have sex with people. This is particularly true in the case of young people and children. Sex Trafficking Sex trafficking is the act whereby a person is induced by force, fraud or coercion to perform a sexual act (Kotrla, 2009). Sex trafficking often involves a person being promised a job in another country, being sold by a family member to a third part, a false marriage proposal or a kidnapping situation then made to work as a prostitute or perform sexual acts as a payment. Women and girls are the most commonly trafficked people for this purpose. Sex traffickers will use a variety of ways to make a person conform to their demands. Rape, physical abuse, starvation, violence, drugs, gang-rape and guilt are used to break a person and shame a victim into the life of a sexual slave or a prostitute. Drugs such as heroin and methamphetamine are commonly used to make a person become an addict and force them to do the work the traffickers want them to do. Conclusion Each person can have different reactions to victimization. Trauma is the term that describes both the physical and emotional reactions to a traumatic event. Common symptoms of trauma include reviewing parts of the crime over and over in one’s mind, mood swings, shaken sense of personal safety, heightened sense of smell or hearing, emotional detachment, disassociation, and so on. Symptoms associated with trauma may take several weeks to subside. Under the fear and pain of withdrawals or while they are high on the drugs, many of the victims of exploitation will do acts they would otherwise not ever consider doing. They may also find it near impossible to leave the grasp of the abusers or traffickers and return home to families and friends. Getting help from the police or health workers is often difficult because of the illegality of the lifestyle they have been forced into and attending rehabilitation or detoxification may be beyond their grasp due to associated poverty. Many of the victims of exploitation will suffer from anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems as a result of the crimes they have been involved in. Resolving these issues at the same time as overcoming a substance abuse problem may be difficult, but with appropriate care and training, recovery is possible. The girls, who are maturing physically, but remain emotional infants, are desperately in need of some guidance. Rachel Lloyd, who is the film’s central character, has dedicated her life to give them this helps. Lloyd’s personal background was troubled born in the UK she dropped out of school and fled to Munich, here she worked as a teenage stripper as well as hooker and later she transferred her trade to New York York, she eventually changed her act. She began to help young girls as well as women who find themselves in the similar situation. Underneath its broad ideological implications, though, this film is intensely humanistic, concerned less with commoditized bodies than with people for whom normal life is a beautiful if distant dream. It’s great that the film brings the plight of the young girls to light as well as the fact that it refrains from inflicting any given amount of neither blame nor shame on the girls. However the film ought and should have taken a stronger backing role by pointing out just where as well as how the social system falls apart in the providing the children any form of safety as well as fails to punish those who take part in the abuse as well as exploit the young stars in such a way that they become a lesson to other predators. This would make very young girls a stronger as well as more effective film and would help pass on the efforts and message of Rachel Lloyd. In additional the authority must make a serious effort to enforce the article 34 of the international convention of child ri ghts, stating that â€Å"states must protect the children from all forms of sexual exploitation as well as sexual violence.† References Kotrla, K. (2010)Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking In The United States. Social Work 55.2: 181-187 Neil R., Carlson (2010). Psychology: The science of behavior. Fourth Canadian edition. Pearson. 140–141

Free Essays on Airbourne Express

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SAME SEX MARRIGE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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International context in marketing and how media theories can be Essay

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An analysis of “The Flea” by John Donne

An analysis of â€Å"The Flea† by John Donne Close Reading This close reading, is an analysis of â€Å"The Flea† by John Donne. â€Å"The Flea† is a love sonnet that uses a flea as a reason for the writer and the woman to get together. The flea is the main image of the poem, through which all of the metaphors and puns are woven around. When it comes down to it, the poem is about trying to get the woman in the poem into bed. The writer never comes out and just says that he wants to have sex with the woman, but that is exactly what a marriage bed is for. He does not want to scare her off with the blunt truth that having sex with him would be a terrible mistake. This close reading will demonstrate all of this and more by going through the poem line by line looking deeply into what each line is saying and how it is demonstrating it. In the first stanza, Donne uses extended metaphors to get his point across about the flea. 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The mixing of the blood cannot be a sin, or shame, or lose of virginity therefore; neither should it be for their other bodily to mix together, â€Å"A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead.† â€Å"Yet this enjoys before it woo,† the pleasure of the flea is a pun. The flea literally enjoys her blood, however to the writer, it also enjoys her in the erotic way like he wants to. â€Å"And pampered swells with one blood made of two,† the flea is lucky to be filled with their blood. This flea becomes larger in size with blood from both subjects. The flea has joined them together already by mixing their blood together which is more than he is asking of the woman, â€Å"And this, alas, is more than we would do.† The writer expresses shame and sadness for this flea. He speaks of the flea like it has sinned in its blood sucking ways which is more than he is asking the woman to do so they should just have sex. The act of the biting flea happens prior to seduction; it accents the completion of gratification prior to the procreative stimulation indicated by woo, pampered,† and â€Å"swells. Hence, the poem changes its gesture of passion and focuses on the sexual pleasure, following a notable order; solicitation, swelling, copulation, then fulfillment. The flea, particularly enjoys the pleasure of sucking both male and female bodies. As a result of, the outburst alas, the writer regretfully indicates the flea can do more than he can do. In the second stanza, the writer asks his woman, â€Å"Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare,† as the woman moves in to kill the flea, he asks her to halt from the killing. The writer explains to the woman if she would please reserve the three lives which are now mixed within in the flea. The writer may be concluding that the three lives within the flea represent a father, mother, and baby. He constructs another analogy in this line, â€Å"Where we almost, yea more than married are.† In this he argues, their blood is mixed within the flea therefore they are no more than married. â€Å"This flea is you and I,† the flea has both of their blood inside it. â€Å"Our marriage bed, and marriage temple,† the flea is their sex and religion. Also, their supposed marriage is an extended metaphor which stems from the pun on two kinds of blood: literal blood and family relations. Mixing of bloodlines is what happens when you get married. The writer confesses â€Å"Though parents grudge, and you, w’are met.† In spite of the fact that their parents object is not a reason for them not to have sex. He is suggesting that even though they cannot be in a romantic relationship, it should not affect her decision not to make love, â€Å"And cloistered in these living walls of jet.† Although their parents protest with resentment towards their romance, and she will not make love to him, contained within the flea is a place of religious solitude, where they are united as one. The writer extends the metaphor further by saying neither of their parents would approve of the union. The flea is compared to a church or cloister with black walls, in which the marriage ceremony takes place. Donne writes, â€Å"Though use make you apt to kill me,† even though you are almost certainly going to kill me. â€Å"Let not to that, self-murder added be,† he requests that she not kill the flea because she would be killing herself, the flea, and him. â€Å"And sacrilege, three sin in killing three,† and by killing the writer, the flea, and herself, she will commit three sins of theft and perverting what is sanctified. Since the flea is a temple of religion, should she kill this flea? Returning to the metaphor, the flea contains their lives, the writer alleges her of trying to commit a deadly sin by killing the flea. She would be killing him and committing suicide herself. Furthermore, she would defile the institution of marriage, by killing the marriage temple. In the final stanza, â€Å"Cruel and sudden, hast thou since, the writer calls the woman sadistic and rash in her actions to kill the flea without thinking. The regard to the woman as cruel means she is likely to take pleasure in the flea’s pain. The writer has redefined the flea. The flea has become a depiction of his own pain which he has endured because of her prohibition of sex. Through her prohibition she has been lacking of affection or sympathy. Alike the flea, she has behaved towards him lacking pause in denying him the gratifications of sex. The writer speaks to the woman through rhetorical questions, â€Å"Purpled thy nail, in blood of innocence,† has she sinned by spilling the blood of the innocent? Has she damned herself to hell by persecuting the flea? Oh, no! She kills the flea, but the magnificent rhetoric about the blood of innocence compares with the insignificance of a dot of blood on her fingernail. â€Å"Wherein could this flea guilty be, except in that drop which it sucked from thee?† What could the flea have done so badly, except sucking a little drop of blood from them? â€Å"Yet thou triumph’st and sayst that thou/ Find’st not thy self, nor me the weaker now. The woman retaliates, celebrating her success in killing the flea, makes neither him, nor her any less noble. The writer responds, â€Å"Tis true, then learn how false, fears be;† it is true, and learn how false your fears are. False fears is an example of alliteration which highlights her concern about the losing her innocence. The writer closes with, â€Å"Just so much honor, when you yield’st to me. Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee.† When she surrenders to him, she will lose no more integrity than when she killed the flea. Yieldst is a small pun. The writer wants the woman to yield to his twisted rationality of his argument. He also wants her to yield to him sexually. He also uses a simile which associates the conservation of her own life when the flea dies to the conservation of her honor after she gives him what he wants. .

The First Job :: essays research papers

The First Day   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On June 1, 2003 my thinking on life, changed a little bit. It happened to be a Sunday that I didn’t think I would be going to bed at 2:30 P.M. in order to go to work. I got under the cover of my bed and I was out like a light. Once I got into a very deep sleep it was hard to get out of it. I heard my alarm go off, and I didn’t want to get up, but I got up and started to get dressed. I went out in the kitchen and got something to eat and then packed my lunch for the night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the way to Van Wert, I was getting very intense. I started to get nervous about what I would be doing and who I would be working with. The closer I got to the factory the more nervous I got. Once I pulled into the parking lot and was shutting my car off, I realized that this isn’t a place I would like to work at all of my life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then I was walking into the factory and got clocked in and realized what I was in for. The presses were pounding away on the big coils of steel; the air had a humid musty smell that was going to get to me over time. I went into the break room and put my lunch box in the refrigerator. I walked nervously to meet my foreman and he gave me something to do. I was running a 400 degree rubber injection press the first part of the night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At about 2:00 A.M. the bell rang for the first break. I was happy to here that because I needed a break to get something to drink. I sat down in the break room and sweat was still running down my face. As I was starring up at the TV I thought to myself, â€Å"this is going to be a long summer.† After the ten minute break was over, I walked back out to the press I was running and put on my soaked sleeves and gloves. When I was getting ready to start my press up my foreman came over to me and told me to come with him. All the while I was thinking in my head where is he taking me? What am I going to be doing now?

Fictional Research About CCTV Cameras Essay

This report evaluates the social impact of the installation of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV from now on) cameras in our neighbourhood. These cameras have been placed by the local government with the intention of lowering crime rates. Participants filled a questionnaire, and this report is based on their feedback. Positive effects It’s been a month since the installation of the cameras, and they have already paid off as a great discouraging system. Misdemeanours such as hold-ups have lowered by 25%, whereas sexual assaults have lowered by an astounding 78%. People say that they feel safer and protected now. Negative effects However (and paradoxically), people don’t want to be observed 24/7 by the government. 75% of the population feel mildly uncomfortable about being watched all day, but think that this is still a good measure, while another 10% do not agree at all with this system. Among the people who don’t care about the constant surveillance, 2/3 are the elderly people (60+ years old). On the other hand, the most reluctant people to the CCTV camera system are between 15 and 25 years old, about the 64% of them. This group has protested against the system, even resorting to vandalize and destroy the cameras. Conclusions Most people in the area think of the CCTV cameras as a necessary evil, and think that their children are now able to go out without the fear of being assaulted, of something even worse. Most of them don’t like being observed, specially young people, but only a few are really upset about this fact. Recommendations The best solution, given the local response (and the fact that the area was conflictive enough to force the administration to install the cameras), would be for the government to send more police to the area, both to protect the cameras and to enforce local laws. This should lead to a further lowering of crime rates.

How to Print an Array in PHP Using Print_r()

How to Print an Array in PHP Using Print_r() An array in PHP computer programming contains a group of similar objects that are the same type and size. The array can contain integers, characters, or anything else with a defined data type. The print_r PHP function is used to return an array in a human readable form. It is written as: print_r($your_array) In this example, an array is defined and printed. The tag pre indicates the following code is preformatted text. This tag causes the text to be displayed in a fixed-width font. It preserves line breaks and spaces, making it easier for the human observer to read. pre?php $Names array (a Angela, b Bradley, c array (Cade, Caleb)); print_r ($Names); ? /pre When the code is run, the results looks like this: Array([a] Angela[b] Bradley[c] Array([0] Cade[1] Caleb)) Variations of Print_r You can store the result of print_r in a variable with a second parameter to print_r. This technique prevents any output from the function. Augment the function of print_r with var_dump and var_export to show protected and private properties of the objects, including type and value. The difference of the two is that var_export returns valid PHP code, whereas var_dump does not. Uses for PHP PHP is a server-side language used to add enhanced features  to a website developed in HTML, such as surveys, shopping carts, login boxes, and CAPTCHA codes. You can use it to build an online community, integrate Facebook with your website, and generate PDF files. With PHPs file-handling functions, you can create photo galleries and you can use the GD library included with PHP to generate thumbnail images, add watermarks, and resize and crop images. If you host banner ads on your website, PHP rotates them at random.  The same feature can be used to rotate quotations. It is easy to set up page redirects using PHP and if you are wondering how often your visitors check out your website, use PHP to set up a counter.